per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
1
32
article
Nonstandard Linguistic Patterns in Persian Formal Correspondence
Asghar Esmaeli
1
Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Senior Researcher at Iranian Institute for Encyclopedia Research, Tehran, Iran
Language is a medium of communication and the important goal of conveying a message is made possible through its channel. Modern life style has imposed some new diverse functions on this device. Modern written Persian alongside other languages embraces different varieties that include media and formal correspondence registers. These particular versions demand precise writing that follow high standards and norms of Persian. Furthermore, due to their wide use, these types can be considered standard language learning tools for the addresses. Consequently, taking benefit of accurate standard patterns in the use of these versions leads to boosting the use of standard Persian among the users and addresses alike. Formal correspondence is a type of register that is used to convey messages through letters, circulars, notices, and other similar platforms. Despite the fact that formal correspondence enjoys its own particular features including specific terminology, it is expected to follow standard Persian in many aspects of wording and structure. Research findings indicate otherwise. In this study, 152 letters and circulars all in the domain of formal correspondence in the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology that mounted to a corpus of 1000 sentences were scrutinized focusing on the analysis of nonstandard patterns through a three-level editing process including technical, linguistic, and rhetorical aspects. The standard forms were provided along with some suggestions for improving the quality of formal correspondence. Based on the findings of this research endeavor, the order of highest frequency for nonstandard uses were in the linguistic, technical, and rhetorical domains respectively. This implies the need for a more focused approach on these features in education and research areas.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9818-en.pdf
Business Correspondence
Standard Language
Non-standard Language Patterns
Normative Pattern
Mediatic Type
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
33
52
article
The Analysis of Joseph Story in The Quran according to Propp\'s and Greimas\' Approaches
Batool Ashrafi
1
Giti Taki
2
Mohammad Behnamfar
3
Ph.D. candidate in Linguistics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
2. Assistant Professor of Linguistics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, University of Birjand, Southern Khorasan, Iran
Although regular study of the story plots opened the new way into analysis in literature by the formalists’ studies, especially by Propp's findings, Structural narratologists after Propp, including Greimas, have tried to find a comprehensive pattern for the study of narration by removing some shortcomings of Propp's framework. This article tries to answer these questions by studying Joseph Story in The Quran according to Propp’s and Greimas' views: do Propp's findings conform to The Quran’s Stories? Can these three syntagmes offered by Greimas be found in The Quran’s stories? Analyzing Joseph Story as a sample of The Quran’s stories can decide which of these views is more efficient in the analysis of The Quran’s stories. The text of the twelfth surah of The Quran has been examined with a descriptive-analytic method. The findings of this study show that: 1) in spite of the fact that Propp's view is capable of analyzing a lot of stories, analyzing The Quran’s stories according to this view requires basic changes in it. 2) Due to the fact that Greimas' syntagmes are not specified for a special kind of narration, they can be found in The Quran’s stories, too. 3) Considering the analysis of Joseph Story as a sample of The Quran’s stories, it can be said that Greimas' view is more efficient in the analysis of The Quran’s stories than Propp's view.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9996-en.pdf
The Holy Quran
Joseph story
narration
Propp
Greimas
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
53
72
article
Uses of Praying in Persian and English Movies in the Light of Hymes` Model
Reza Pishghadam
1
fatemee vahidnia
2
Professor of TEFL, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Ph.D candidate in TEFL, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
With regard to the salient role of language in shaping the culture of a society, the present study is seeking to delve into praying in Persian and English languages. To achieve this purpose, 168 movies were watched and conversations including praying instances were transcribed and later analyzed. The collected data was scrutinized based on Hymes’ (1967) model of speaking. The results exhibited that Iranians employed praying in their everyday life much more than the English people did. In addition, people’s intentions of using the speech act of praying and their referents were uncovered. In the end, the possible reasons of the differences in two languages of Persian and English were discussed.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4402-en.pdf
culture
praying
Hymes’ speaking model
Persian language
English language
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
73
85
article
Comparing the Pronunciation of Third Person Singular Ending in Standard Colloquial and Esfahani Persian in the framework of Optimality Theory
Bashir Jam
1
Assistant Professor of English, University of Shahrekord, Iran
Third person singular ending -ad is pronounced [e] in standard colloquial Persian but [ed] in Esfahani Persian. This is due to the changing of /a/ to [e] in both accents as well as the deletion of /d/ in the standard colloquial accent rather than Esfahani accent. Furthermore, -ad is pronounced [d] in both accents in the case the last phoneme of the verb to which it is added is /A/. This is due to the deletion of /a/ and not /d/. This research aimed at coming up with inclusive rankings of constraints to explain these three different pronunciations of the third person singular ending within Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). In this paper, it is argued that /d/ deletion feeds the changing of /a/ to [e] in the standard colloquial accent. It is also argued that the markedness constraint that causes the changing of /a/ to [e] in the standard colloquial accent is different from the one that causes the same process in Esfahani accent.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1681-en.pdf
third person singular ending
apocope
raising
Esfahani Persian
Optimality theory
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
91
116
article
Reflection on linguistic modalities “with an emphasis on the role of modal verbs in the formation of epistemological system in Masnavi Manavi”
Raziye Hojatizadeh
1
Seyyed Ali Asghar Mirbagheri-fard
2
Manoochehr Tavangar rizi
3
Assistant Professor Professor of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Professor of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Associate Professor of Linguistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Among the linguistic tools that can assist researcher in investigating the relationship between the speaker and the audience, are the linguistic "modalities" which are manifested usually in the form of affective speech acts. Some kinds of texts in which are manifested more colorful the speaker’s mentalities, feelings and values, imply the affective acts; also in Masnavi that benefits from the literary diversities, this feature allows the speaker to use language as a social reality and on the way to create communication with the audience, the diversity of linguistic modalities is undeniable. Due to the linguistic characteristics of mysticism, studying those linguistic modals that reflect the ontological and epistemological aspects of text is important. This article aims to show how the speaker by the use of modals known as logical modals, can successfully form his ideas and states into words and by this way informs the audience on his intellectual and value system. For this purpose, this article refers to the provided classifications of the various linguistic modals; hence first it explains the relationship between the modal semi-auxiliary verbs and the epistemological system governing the text and then analyzes the text in accordance with these tools.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5501-en.pdf
linguistic modality
imperfection of meaning
epistemology
Masnavi
affective speech act
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
117
141
article
Significant Differences and Cultural Implications in the Persian Translation of Bertolt Brecht’s Plays (case studies: Herr Puntila und sein knecht Matti, Baal, Im Dickicht der Stadte,Die Geschichte der Simone Machard)
faraz hesami
1
Mohammad Jafar YousefianKenari
2
mahmood hoseinizad
3
M.A. in Dramatic Literature, soore University , Tehran, Iran
Assistant Prof., Dep. Of Dramatic Literature, Faculty of Arts & Architecture, TarbiatModares University
Assistant Prof., Dep. Of foreign language, Teheran University, Tehran, Iran
The purpose of this paper is to outline the theory and practice of discourse analysis as a tool of interpretation in translation of dramatic works. By translation of dramatic works, the discourses of target language has been influenced and undergone some significant differences that has been making different interpretations. Translations of Bertolt Brecht’s plays because of their historical implications of the social status in two decades 50 to 60 and 80 in Iran, prepare the best data to measure this point. This descriptive study by incorporation of direct observation of original work and Library based method analysed primary data that have been collected and followed by focusing on the framework of Norman Fairclough approach to discourse analysis. This research aims to show how in the Persian translation of Brecht’s works, conscious or unconscious, some changes have been created. To find the answer of this question, the translation of the forty Brecht’ plays, Herr Puntila und sein KnechtMatti,Baal, Im Dickicht der Stadte, and Die Geschichte der Simone Machard has been chosen. These samples were selected based on varieties of translations belonging to different ages in order to find more significant differences .The findings indicate that most of Brecht's plays in accordance with the political context, social influence or dominant discourses of every period - at least at the level of lexical and conceptual context- are subjected to cultural distortions.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4129-en.pdf
Bertolt Brecht
Theatrical Translation
discourse analysis
Fairclough
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
143
163
article
The Process of Creating Signification in Jami\'s Salaman and Absal Based on Semiotics Models
Ali Razizadeh
1
Ali Abbasi
2
Seyyed Abul Ghasem Hosseini Zharfa
3
Ph.D. Student of the Wisdom of Religious Arts, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran
Associate Professor of French language and literature, martyr Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Faculty Member, College of Arts and Islamic thought, Qom, Iran
The semiotics is a new approach in analyzing texts and discourse systems. This approach in literary critics has been resulted in different models to explain the state of function, production and receiving meaning through text. These models which originates from the text itself, attempt to reduce any possibility of plurality in literary works reading as much as possible. Therefore, this study considers Jami's Salaman and Absal as one of the theosophy texts with symbolic exposition and ability of interpretability. In addition to introduce the state of semiotic model function to explain poet's benefit reason of every two possible approaches of creating meaning in this text, the process which is manifested in reflexive way is the semiotic square. So, this study presents this hypothesis by utilization of semiotic models in analyzing Jami’s Salaman and Absal. This study shows that Jami's intention in utilizing two creating meaning processes in this text refers to "Return" and he attempts to present this concept by a symbol and symbolic exposition in "Salaman and Absal".
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1797-en.pdf
Jami's Salaman and Absal Masnavi
Actantial Models
Narrative Versions
Semiotic Square
Veridiction Square
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
165
182
article
On Verbal Phonology in Kurdish: An Optimality-Theoretic Account of Dialectal Variation
Mehdi Fattahi
1
Mahmoud Bijankhan
2
PhD Student of General Linguistics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Associate Professor of General Linguistics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
According to The Richness of the Base (ROTB) in Optimality Theory, there is no limitation on the input and linguistic variation in this theory which is defined as permutation of constraints. Assuming Sorani Kurdish verbal form to be more intact than those of Ardalani and Kalhori dialects, it is treated as the proto-form and, following OT principles, and by showing different constraint permutaions, an instance of variation among these three dialects is put forth. To do so, having interviewed 10 native speakers of Sorani, Ardalani and Kalhori each, and having obtained an audio corpus, the authors consider the Sorani form as an input, putting it into different constraint tableaux, and different constrains permutation resulted which is thought to be the reason of variation. In Kalhori and then in Ardalani more markedness constrainsts are active than in Sorani. OT can deal with the variation perceived in verb forms in Kurdish dialects well.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5079-en.pdf
Morpho-phonology
Kurdish
verb
Dialectal Variation
Optimality theory
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
183
204
article
Developmental process in the use of lexical cohesive devices in the Persian-speaker children
Iran Mehrabi Sari
1
Ph.D. in Linguistics, University of Allame Tabatabai, Tehran, Iran
In this study, based on Halliday and Hasan's (1976) description of cohesion in English, the ability of Persian- speaker children to organize a narrative discourse has been investigated, applying an experimental method. For this purpose, fifteen children, eight boys and seven girls, four to seven years old, have been selected in a crèche in the West of Tehran. Afterwards, in order to investigate their performance in organizing discourse by applying lexical cohesive devices, two tests, story retelling and story production based on two pictorial books, have been performed and then investigated. The main objective of this study has been to evaluate their discourse competence through their narrative discourse organizing ability. Based on the findings of this research, it can be said that children in all age groups are able to apply the correct lexical cohesive devices in order to organize their stories. The other result is that all age groups tend to apply "repetition" rather than “collocation" in both tests. Finally, the children's performance in story retelling test comparing with story production test was different, in terms of the number of utterances and lexical cohesive devices used.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9615-en.pdf
Lexical cohesion
organize a narrative discourse
cohesive devices
retelling
development of lexical cohesion
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
205
218
article
Distinguishing the grammatical relations in Shushtari Dialect
Poone mostafavi
1
Assistant Professor in General Linguistics, Research Institute of Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Tehran, Iran
In the world languages, subject and direct object which are also called grammatical relations are distinguished by three strategies in a sentence: word order, agreement and case marking system. World languages might yield one or two of the so-called strategies or might use all of them for distinguishing grammatical relations. In this article these strategies are examined in Shushtari’s transitive clauses. Therefore a questionnaire consists of 62 sentences was prepared for this purpose and interviews were done with native speakers of Shushtari dialect. Data analysis shows that word order is neither used for distinguishing subject nor for direct object. Agreement is applied for subject and case marking system for direct object in this dialect. As Shushtari is classified in the same dialectic branch with Persian, it is considered to yield the same strategies which are confirmed through data analysis.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-683-en.pdf
grammatical relations
word order
agreement
case marking system
Shushtari dialect
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
219
236
article
Analysis of the Word ‘Didan’ Based on Frame Semantics
Seyed hamzeh Mousavi
1
Mohammad Amoozadeh
2
Vali Rezai
3
Ph.D. in General Linguistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Professor of Linguistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Associate Professor in General Linguistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
This paper sets up to investigate the word didan (‘to see’) based on the frame semantics. The model provides a scientific tool enabling us to explore how the sense of words can be traced back through human’s experiences and background knowledge. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify delicate meaning distinctions, which are mainly overlooked in dictionaries. To this end, we started this study by searching different texts and corpora in order to find the semantic frames for didan from one hand, and to extract differences between the verb didan and the other partially synonymous verbs such as moshahede kardan (‘to observe’), and tamasha kardan (‘to watch’), on the other hand. Then, we try to determine how polysemous verb of didan is analyzed in terms of semantic frames. By analyzing data, we have found out that the relationship between different frames with that of Perception frame is the cause of polysemy. Furthermore, the partially synonymous verbs are differentiated from the verb “didan” based on ‘aim’, ‘target’, and other variables. Last but not least, we have put forward a model showing how didan and its different frames are related and how partially synonymous words are differentiated from it.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10559-en.pdf
Cognitive Linguistics
Frame Semantics
Dictionaries
FrameNet
synonymy
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
2383-0816
2016-01
6
7
237
260
article
Life dynamics in competition Semiotic analysis of of “Khal’ae’’ short story
Faramarz Mirzaei
1
ahmad jamalomidi
2
Professor of Arabic language and literature, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan
Ph.D. Student in Arabic language and literature, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan
Semiotics of discourse is a new approach in literary criticism. In this approach the processes of signification are, dynamic and multidimensional variants which are manifested through controlling a system called ‘’discourse process’’. in this study ,in order to answer the question that how discourse has revealed the sense of competition as a valuable action during the life of personalities of the story, the process of shaping affective discourse in the story of ‘’Kha’lae’’ written by Najib Mahfouz , holder of literary Noble prize in 1988 ,will be investigated . In fact the purpose of this study is to show the role of affective process in altering the situations of discourse evolution and its effect on the style of passionate subject. Findings reveal that in the affective process of story, the occurrence of two incidents in the life of passionate subject will evolved the axiological system of discourse by affecting the believes and altering emotions.
http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5551-en.pdf
Semiotic analysis
affective process
najib mahfouz
“khlae”
Discourse