@article{ author = {Sayyedan, Elham}, title = {Study of axiological System of Discourse in Hafez Qalandari Poems}, abstract ={Qalandari lyric that appears on the basis of fighting against hypocrisy (Riya) in Persian literature is associated with artistic delicacies in Hafez poems. Moreover, the concepts related to the realm of roguery (Rindi) and Qalandari causes to dynamism of Hafez poems. In these lyrics, Hafez creates the different type of value with changing the common and popular values of society. The change of common values leads to the process of production and transformation of meaning. In this way, Hafez follows an ideological and moral tendencies and criticizes the society advocating the Sufism. At first, Rindi and Qalandari are considered as value to reach the superior goal. This superior goal is a basic value. Undoubtedly, Researchers who have focused in superficial meaning of Qalandari poems, have not paid attention to this basic value. In addition, the process of creation of values in Hafez poems leads to the formation of an aesthetic space. In this way, Hafez uses inter subjective and intra subjective methods. According to dynamic values of Hafez Qalandari poems, in this research, we will survey the axiological system of Discourse and the process of creation of meaning through values.}, Keywords = {Qalandari lyric,Basic value,value,Hafez,Axiological system of discourse}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-23}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1570-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1570-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {ayati, akram and akbari, najmeh}, title = {Presence and Interaction System of Discourse in Blind Owl: Semio-ontological approach}, abstract ={By adopting the insights of phenomenological approach since late 80th century we easily observe the passage from classic narrative scheme to the semiotics with sensible and existential landscape. This approach is called semiotics with ontological foundations in which the reading and interpretation is no more related to the simple coding of a text, but it involves in movement towards the live experience of signification process in the world. In the discourse of Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat , we encounter with this manner of presence and interaction of subject with the world; that is to say , the perception of character from the world , himself and other (alterity) depends on sensible and dynamic presence of subject with his constant interaction with phenomena.  Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze by referring to Landowski and Greimas’s theories and ideas, the presence of the subject and his relationship with himself and others. Then, we study how the interaction with the "other" creates new systems such as the transcendental or ecstasy discourses and how the being of subject is determined in interaction with others.  }, Keywords = {Other,Existential subject,Ontological interaction,Semio-ontological,Blind Owl}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-21}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2692-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2692-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Akbari, Ramin and beheshtiparvar, milad and Kiany, Gholamrez}, title = {Offering a Model for Teacher Quality from the Perspective of the Stakeholders in ELT}, abstract ={One of the most important issues in the realm of education is assurance regarding the quality and effectiveness of teaching and teachers. In this regard, it is essential that models and instruments be developed in order to describe and assess them. It is one of the subjects creating a lot of interest in learners is English. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a model as well as a measuring instrument for describing quality of teachers and teaching in English. The present study was an attempt to develop such a model and instrument in a qualitative and a quantitative phase. In the qualitative phase, seven factors were identified as the underlying structure of teacher quality on which basis a 48-item questionnaire was developed. Then, in the quantitative phase, using Exploratory and Confirmatory factor Analyses, the reliability, and the validity of the model and the questionnaire were obtained. Based on the findings, both the model and the questionnaire are acceptable and valid and can be utilized.}, Keywords = {ELT,English Language Teaching,Questionnaire,Teacher quality,model"}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-47}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5692-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5692-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {hajikhani, A. and roohi, K. and Motaghizade, I. and rostamikia, mostaf}, title = {Analyze and evaluate the actions of Sura Al-Baqara, with approach "Analysis of all the words."}, abstract ={Componential Analysis of Words is a branch of semantics in which all words of a text are analyzed to their roots and semantics components in order to rearrange them to achieve a semantic whole at the level of the word. Any attempt in this theoretical framework to reconstruct them in target language would result in a precise and cogent translation of the source language. Thus , the present study by adopting a descriptive –analytic and critical research methodology aims at analyzing semantic components of Sūrat al-Baqarah’s verbs whose eleven well –known contemporary translations including Ayati, Arfa’ , Elahi Ghomshei, Searaj, Safarzadeh , Fouladvand, kavianpour, Garmaroudi, Mojtabavi, Meshkini and Makarem shirazi’s translation have been the focus of several challenges. The results of this research showed that the translators have ignored the componential analysis of words at the level of the verb and have just considered the primary and basic meaning of each word. In addition, the translation of Meshkini, Elahi Ghomshei and Mojtabavi is more accurate and reliable than for instance that of Arfa’.}, Keywords = {Holy Quran,Famous Contemporary Translations,Sūrat al-Baqarah’s Verbs,Componential Analysis}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {49-77}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3387-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3387-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Omidvari, Arezoo and Golfam, Arsal}, title = {The study of evidentiality in Persian : A typological approach}, abstract ={speaker`s attitude toward her/his statement. Aikhenvald (2004) presented a model for evidential in about 500 languages around the world. She introduce 2 types of evidentiality.  Grammatical evidentiality including obligatory affixes and clitics and ungrammatical evidentiality including optional syntactic and lexical strategies. Aikhenvald refers to direct and indirect evidentials from a semantic view point. This study show that there aren`t any grammatical evidentials in Persian and like the other Indo- European languages , Persian has linguistic items which fulfill evidential function in addition to their first roles in language. Some of evidential structures  in Persian include impersonal passive forms, modal expressions , tense- aspect features, reports and quotations and sensory and perception verbs.}, Keywords = {Evidentiality,Direct evidential,Indirect evidential,Persian}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {79-99}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3152-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3152-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Talebi, Morvarid and Sahraee, Rezamor}, title = {The Representation of Persian Language Functions and Notions in LET\'S LEARN PERSIAN and PERSIAN LANGUAGE Series}, abstract ={ The notional-functional approach is one of the most influential theories in the field of foreign language teaching and almost all English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and even Arabic, Hebrew and Turkish language teaching resources, have considered the principles of this approach, in order to produce educational contents. The key principle of this approach is to create purposeful and communicative based balance between the language notions and functions and the real situations. Nevertheless, regretfully not much attention to this approach is paid in the authentic teaching Farsi to the foreigners’ resources. In this study, first the notional-functional approach and the foremost language notions and functions in the framework of this approach are presented. Then, the representation rate of these notions and functions in let’s learn Persian (Zolfaghari & Etal., 2002) and Persian language (Safarmoqadam, 2007) teaching series were evaluated. This evaluation have been made through a self-developed checklist. This checklist consists of 10 basic questions on the content of courses and 6 default responses: at all, very low, low, medium, high and very high with respectively 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 points assigned to each question. According to the results, the let’s learn Persian series gained 35 and the Persian language series gained 16 points out of 50. Although the overall result of this project suggests the superiority of the let’s learn Persian series, but the rate of language notions and functions diversity and distribution in both series, lead us to purposeful planning for teaching Farsi based on language notions and functions.   }, Keywords = {Teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers,the Notional-Functional Approach,Let’s Learn Persian Series,Persian Language Series,Language Functions,Language Notions}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {127-153}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8650-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8650-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ahangar, Abbas Ali and MojahediRezaeian, Setareh}, title = {The Study of Grounding of Aspect and Voice of Verb in Persian-Speaking Children’s Narrative Discourse}, abstract ={This study aims to investigate and analyze the realization of grounding in the form of foregrounding and back grounding in Persian-children’s narratives according to linguistic devices of aspect (perfective/imperfective) and voice of verb (active/passive) and also the effect of age on using these devices. To investigate how foregrounding and back grounding are accomplished in Persian-speaking children’s narratives by linguistic devices of aspect (perfective/imperfective) and voice of verb (active/passive) two Hickmann’s (2004) pictorial stories were used. Three groups of school monolingual Persian-speaking children of age 7, 9, 11 and a control group of adults, at age 30 (each group consisting of 10 female subjects) took part in this study. The subjects were tested individually. They were asked to narrate two pictorial stories for one of the researchers. All the narratives (80 narratives, from two pictorial stories) were recorded by a voice recorder. Then, they were transcribed, described and analyzed by SPSS software. Results showed that the use of perfective and imperfective aspects had a meaningful relationship in the three groups of children, that is, the use of perfect aspect in foreground decreased while that of imperfect aspect increased with an increase in the age. On the contrary, in adult group, the use of perfect aspect in foreground increased but that of imperfect aspect decreased. The same relationship was observed in background. Moreover, the use of active voice of verb was more dominant than that of passive voice of verb in the narratives. No meaningful relationship was observed between the use of passive voice of verb in foreground and background on one hand, and the participants’ age, on the other hand. Based on the results of Chi-square test, there was a significant relationship between perfective and imperfective aspects in foreground and also in background and the age of the narrators (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant relationship between the use of passive voice of verb in foreground and background and the age of the narrators (p < 0.05). Thus, the first two null hypotheses of the study were rejected, and the third one was accepted.}, Keywords = {Key words: Discourse,Foregrounding,Back grounding,Cohesion,Persian-Speaking children}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {155-177}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2819-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2819-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {RostambeikTafreshi, Atoosa and Hajirezaie, Amin and Assi, Mostafa and Pahlevanzadeh, Mahs}, title = {An Analysis of the Development of lexical cohesion in Persian -Speaking Students’ Written Discourse}, abstract ={This research aims at analyzing and comparing the development of lexical cohesive devices (repetition, collocation, synonymy, hyponymy, meronymy) in Persian-Speaking students’ written discourse at primary level (9 to 12 years old) according to logical meta-function introduced in Halliday and Mathiessen’s systemic functional grammar (2004). Descriptive analytical method is used in this study. 45 students (boys) studying at primary school (4th, 5th and 6th grades) in 1393-94 have been selected through random-sampling. Two written tests in the form of picture stories were administered for gathering the written data. Frequency, percentage and pattern of development of using lexical cohesive devices were compared and analyzed. The frequency of lexical cohesive devices in 4th, 5th and 6th grades were, 862, 967, and 1119. Repetition and collocation in all grades are the most frequent and hyponymy and meronymy are the least frequent devices. The percentage of repetition decreases from 4th grade to 6th grade while in hyponymy and meronymy it is increased. According to Kruskal–Wallis test the differences of using synonymy and repetition are not significant although differences of using collocation, hyponymy and meronymy are significant (p≤ 0/05). It seems that not only the frequency of different lexical cohesive devices in students’ written discourse increases as the grades increase, but also more sophisticated  lexical cohesive devices are found in writings of the students in higher grades.  Keywords: Lexical cohesion, written discourse, Functional grammar, Students.}, Keywords = {written discourse,Functional grammar,Students,Lexical cohesion}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {179-205}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8899-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8899-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {goli, Fateme and khaqani, Moammad and shokrani, Rez}, title = {A Semantic Criticism of the Persian Translation of the Arabic Term “Doon” in the Holy Quran}, abstract ={Today, syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses are widely applied by literature researchers and experts as principal methods in understanding and interpretation of religious texts. Taking syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses into consideration, this research seeks to explore the explicit and implicit meanings of the Arabic term (Doon), literally translated as “other than, instead of, besides, and apart from”, in the Holy Quran. It also aims to determine how much attention Quran translators have paid to the meanings of the term and in transferring them into the target language, namely Persian. The study, conducted based on structural semantics and using descriptive –analytic research methodology, has found that the term "دون" (Doon) has various meanings and functions in the Holy Quran, but in some cases, translators have failed to render them correctly. The original meaning of the term is “other than and inferior” which is seen almost in all phrases and lexical combinations in the Holy Book. Therefore, for instance, the phrase "من دون الله", which has been transplanted as “other than, besides and apart from Allah” in famous translations, can be rendered as “[someone/something] other as Allah that is inferior”. فرودِ" (Inferior)" or از فرودِ" (Inferior to)" have been used as equivalents to "دون" (Doon) in old Persian translations of the Quran which closely correspond with the denotation of the Arabic word ,since they contain both the sense of “other than” and “inferior”. However, "دون" (Doon) can bear different meanings in different contexts.  }, Keywords = {Persian translation,Semantics,The Holy Quran,The Arabic term “Doon”}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {207-230}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8370-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8370-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {daneshgar, maryam}, title = {Literary and Lingual Skills Evaluation (Case Study: Tehran Secondary School Students)}, abstract ={This study was conducted to evaluate the literary and linguistic skills of high school graduates. The authors believe the main problem is the formal evaluation system, failure of the assessment processes, and the lack of accurate and sufficient information from capabilities of users of language. Research questions include: 1. the level of achievement of high school graduates in four skills of writing, reading, listening and speaking. 2. Do the variables of gender and field of study make any change in the status of the four skills above? 3. Based on the research hypothesis, at the end of the twelve year period of study, graduates should have achieved the minimum criteria of educational objections in the four skills. It is expected that the field variable, make a significant difference in skill level and it is also expected that students of human sciences according to their specialized courses, have significantly higher linguistic and literary skills. Research method in addition to library study, includes a cross-sectional survey. The statistical community includes students graduating high schools ( at the end of the fourth year) from public and private schools in Tehran(in the districts, one, four, seven, twelve, fourteen, sixteen, nineteen) in the academic year of 92-93 with 49 540 students and the statistic sample of 366 individuals who were selected using multistage cluster sampling method. It was done based on the final exam scores of courses of Persian language 3 and Persian literature 3.  For this particular study, a test with the following three characteristics was designed for the first time in Persian, 1. Considering the international evaluation standards (common reference framework in EU), according to Iran's official goals of education in teaching Persian.2.Internet-based teaching-learning 3. Being four-skilled. Materials and components of the test content were prepared based on the two guiding objectives in the education curriculum and content pattern of official books. Based on these findings, the mean scores of graduates were significantly lower than the standard level. Between the results of this test and the official results, there was a significant difference in reducing the scores. Considering all the skills, girls' performances have been the most favorable which correspond with the global results. Investigation of the graduates in the three disciplines of mathematics, science and humanities shows a better performance in the field of science against the two other academic disciplines. Analysis of the results of this evaluation shows the inability of Ministry of Education in the use of existing capacities; the younger generation turning to oral literature; Incapability of them to understand what they have read and heard. Therefore, because of the correlation between the four skills along with continuing national evaluations, monitoring the educational status of children and teenagers, planned systematic changes, with professionals helps, in order to revise the national curriculum(especially a standardized Persian language and literature curriculum), are suggested.}, Keywords = {Lingual skills,Literary skills,Evaluation}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {231-256}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3002-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3002-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ramezani, Ahm}, title = {Estimating Receptive Core Vocabulary in Preschoolers with Intellectual Disability in Tehran}, abstract ={This article aims at estimating core vocabulary of preschoolers with intellectual disability in Tehran. Stratified matrix sampling was used for choosing and grouping the 90 informants.  Three groups (each group 16 boys and 14 girls) were selected among the preschoolers less than 9 years. Based on Nematzadeh et.al (2005) two subtests were modified and developed: Perceptive and Lexical factors which assessed understanding of 694 and 830 words have been respectively evaluated. 14 informants were chosen for filling the lexical subtest among the teachers. Since there were lots of items in perceptive subtest, from different parts of speech (noun, adjective and verb) 1/3 of them were selected and the students have been told to answer them in 2 different sessions. The data were analyzed using descriptive analytic method. If a word was recognized by 80% of the informants, it was decided to be a core vocabulary (24 out of 30 in perceptive subtest and 4 out of 5 in lexical subtest). 219 and 81 words were listed to be among core vocabularies based on perceptive and lexical subtest respectively. 54 words were common in the lists. So, 246 words were estimated to be core vocabulary of educable mentally retarded preschoolers in Tehran.  }, Keywords = {Core Vocabulary,Preschoolers,Intellectual Disability,Perceptive Subtest,Lexical Subtest}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {257-291}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5823-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5823-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Hojatizadeh, R.}, title = {Influence of Linguistic Presuppositions in the Evolution of Sama\' in Islamic Mysticism: From Ghazali to Mowlavi}, abstract ={Language is considered as the basic material in research on literature & mysticism. For the linguistics can enable researchers to achieve functional approaches. Although the presupposition was accounted in the past issue of the more basic subjects in domain of linguistics and newer approaches have shown little interest about this phenomenon by logical analysis, but reflect on some of these issues can assist in the analysis of invisible aspects of the meaning which was usually neglected in generative grammar. The research methodology is descriptive –analytic. It should consider the presuppositions as the specific kinds of conversational implicatures that, particularly, by means of the connectors of the discourse, such as conjunctions (but, so, in addition, etc) transfer the cognitive value of the propositions to the audience. This paper tries to respond to this question that how the presuppositions can figure the evolution of mystical principles in Sama' through its association with the requirements of ontological, epistemological and cultural context of the subject.}, Keywords = {Pragmatics,Presuppositions,Sama',Ghazali,Mowlavi}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {293-320}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11025-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11025-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Soofi, N.A and bozorghBighdeli, S. and ggholamhoseinzadeh, Gh.}, title = {The Study and review of Persian loan words influence on Kashmiri lexicons}, abstract ={ Kashmir is a geographical region in the north-west of the Indian high mountains of the Himalayas. Kashmiri language is spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley and the other regions of Jammu and Kashmir. Kashmiri language is a member of the Dardic subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages. It is due to prolonged contact between Kashmiri and Persian languages from 14thto 19thcentury, Persian language has left deep influence of linguistic features and literary styles on Kashmiri language. This influence could be studied in three parts: lexical borrowing, phonological changes and grammatical borrowing. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of Persian language in the valley of Kashmir and Kashmiri language, form the language borrowing perspective by using library resources and previous works to confirm and reveal the cultural ties between Iran and Kashmir from ancient times and in different historical periods. Novelty of the research is to study Persian fundamental influence on the Kashmiri language and suggests that this influence is due to spread of Islam in this region by Muslim (Iranian) mystics and missionaries. Research results indicate that the influence of Persian language, in addition to lexical borrowings, has caused deep changes in the grammatical other constructions of Kashmiri language and if this influence had continued, based upon the reasons mentioned above, perhaps,this language would have been replace with Persian.      }, Keywords = {Key words: Persian & Kashmiri languages,lexical borrowings,Semantics,Lexical affixes}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-24}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4094-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4094-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Esmaili, S. and Mottaqi, E.}, title = {An investigation of effect of critical thinking skills on reading comprehension of literary Arabic texts among Iranian Language and Literature Arabic students}, abstract ={Reading comprehension skill is one of the fundamental and basic skill for understanding meanings and ideas available in the text. Attention to this skill especially for literary texts is one of the most important issues in the realm of language teaching. Using the right instruction methods for illuminating literary texts can confidently improve reading skills and reading comprehension of the students. Teaching reading comprehension texts based on critical thinking skills not only meets all the goals of literary texts, but also helps to improve the students’ reading comprehension. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of critical thinking skills on reading comprehension of Arabic literary texts among BA students of Arabic Language and Literature. The sample of the study consisted of 64 junior students of Arabic Language and Literature who were divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was instructed based on critical thinking skills and the control group was instructed based on classical/traditional methods of teaching a text. The findings indicated that there is a significant difference between the performances of the groups and that critical thinking skills affects students’ reading comprehension skills. The methodology for conducting this study followed a quasi- experimental design. The population of the study was all bachelor Arabic language and literature students of Iranian universities, among which 64 junior students of Shahid Beheshti and Yazd Universities were chosen as the experimental and control groups respectively. The results showed that  there is a significant relation between the incorporation of critical thinking skills in teaching Arabic literary text and an increase in the students’ comprehension. This means that using the sub-skills of the skills” inference, recognition of assumptions, interpretation, evaluating the arguments and deduction” which were covered in the literature can lead to increasing the students’ comprehension.    }, Keywords = {Arabic literary texts,Critical Thinking,Reading comprehension}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-23}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1443-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1443-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Kanaani, Ebrahim}, title = {the Analysis of Light Language –Tension Function and Its Semantic Aspects in Statement System of Sepehri’s the “East of Grief” and the “Green Dimension”}, abstract ={In this research, the language –tension function of light has been studied and analyzed in Sohrab Sepehri’s poem statement system. This research’s main goal includes studying and specifying the tension system function, the tension layer and the light semiotic aspect in Sepehri’s poem language by emphasizing on the East of Grief and the Green Volume poems collection. Our main question is how language-tension system of light leads to generation of aesthetic process and how this system can perform a role in semiotic process. In fact, the goal of present research is to represent how language-tension system of light creates a permutation situation for statements and how this process can lead to light notability. The research’s theoretical framework is tension pattern based on the post Greimassian semiotic systems. In tension system, the intensive and extensive layers play the roles together in interaction. Our hypothesis is that the light statement system of Sepehri’s poem subordinates to ascendant tension structure and the descending tension structure is in the service of ascendant structure. The language-tension system of light plays the key roles both with permutation and notability function and ultimately the process of aesthetic statement comes off with light notability.}, Keywords = {Language-Tension,Aesthetics,Light,Sohrab Sepehri,the East of Grief and the GreenVolume}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {25-52}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5682-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5682-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Vakilifard, Amirreza and Kamari, Hossein and Ostadzadeh, Zahr}, title = {The Effect of Auditory Training on Social Skills Functions of Bilingual Persian-Kurdish Students}, abstract ={Besides personal skills, individuals require some additional skills which are crucial to help them maintain a successful life in a community. One of them is the ability to communicate and develop social relationships. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of auditory training in social functions of elementary school bilingual Persian-Kurdish students in the town of Sar-pol-zahab. To implement the research in which a descriptive and analytical method is used, first the types of listening are defined and then the challenges and obstacles in the way of them happening are discussed. In addition, auditory training methods in teaching listening skills are explained for teachers. The data includes the assessment of the auditory skills improvement of Kurdish-speaker students whose auditory skills are being trained by teachers. The data is accumulated via questioners and processed by statistical methods. The results of this research are presented in the statistical analysis section.  }, Keywords = {Auditory training,Social functions,auditory skills,Listening types,Bilingualism,Kurdish speakers,Persian speaker}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {53-76}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11879-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11879-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {jahanghiriaghdam, K. and soleimani, H. and jafarigohar, M.}, title = {Working Memory Capacity and Learning L2 Structures under Explicit and Implicit Condition: The Effect of Linguistic Feature}, abstract ={Working Memory Capacity and Learning L2 Structures under Explicit and Implicit Condition: The Effect of Type of Linguistic Structures Working memory capacity (WMC) is shown to be correlated with explicit learning conditions, but not implicit (Reber, Walkenfeld, & Hernstadt, 1991). However, recent study shows that the relationship is more complicated (Tagarelli, Borges-Mota, &Rebuschat, 2015) and some other factors such as linguistic complexity can mediate the relationship between WMC and learning condition. This study investigated the relationship between WMC and acquisition of two English linguistic structures with varying degree of complexity, namely past simple tense and relative clauses under explicit and implicit learning conditions. Fifty-nine intermediate Persian learners of English took part in this study receiving either explicit or implicit instruction on two grammatical structures defined as easy (simple past tense) and difficult (relatives) at classroom setting.  Their ability to use these structures was measured at three times; once before treatment and twice after it through a timed grammaticality judgment task and an elicited oral imitation task. Complex listening span task was used to measure their working memory capacity. The results of the two-way repeated ANOVA revealed that explicit and implicit instruction were significantly effective in development of easy and difficult structures. The results of correlation for working memory capacity and learning condition revealed that there is no significant relationship between WMC and learning under implicit condition. This result hold true for both simple and difficult linguistic structures. However, under explicit condition, differential results were found for different linguistic structures. Whereas no relationship was found for simple linguistic structures, the relationship between WMC and learning difficult linguistic structures under explicit condition was found to be significant.}, Keywords = {Working memory capacity,Explicit learning,Implicit learning,Second language acquisition,Linguistic complexity}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {53-76}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3457-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3457-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimsharifi, shler and Valipour, A.R}, title = {The survey of cultural - ethnic aspects of stable comparisons (proverb with such like) describing the appearance in Russian and Persian language}, abstract ={This study investigated the stable comparison (SC) describing human appearance in the Russian and Persian languages so that it can compare and analyze the languages picture of the word of these two languages through these cultural marked linguistic units which are considered as the total- reflection of the languages picture of the word. The SC are special layers of phraseological unit neglected by the researchers, and it can be said that they reflect their speakers’ lifestyle, mentality and cultural color more than other types of phraseological units . This study was within a cultural linguistics research formwork and was the first attempt to compare and investigate the SC between the Russian and Persian languages. This was a statistical, comparative-analytical study aiming to answer the following question: Is there any difference between the Russian and Persian languages regarding the covert language’s picture of the word of the SC? It tasted the hypothesis that since Iranian and Russian are different with respect to their belief, ethnicity, and geography of their living place, a trivial culture with common ground will be found, and the effect of these factors should generally be observed in their language’s picture of the word. The results of this study were divided into the quantitative and content categories. According to the quantitative results, the distribution of SC was 0.3% showing the low level of cultural common grounds between Russian and Iranian and the significant difference in their cultural linguistic picture which confirms the hypothesis. With respect to the content analysis of the studied samples, the factors such as religious elements, beliefs, and behaviors (Russian: beautiful like God- Persian: like Usef); the characters and figures of mythological and literature (Russian: Koschei, Kolobok- Persian: Rostam, Rakhsh); historical characters (Persian: Omar, Yazid); and geographical climate and living tools (Russian: Kolomna verst- Persian: Moshk Saqa) played the major role in creating the difference in the language’s picture of the word of these ethnics.}, Keywords = {Language and culture,comparison,Stable comparison,Proverb with such like,Language's picture of the world}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {127-147}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11933-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11933-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Sharif, Babak and amouzadeh, Mohamm}, title = {Persian Compound Verb Formation from a Cognitive Grammar Viewpoint}, abstract ={The process of compound predicates (CPr) formation in Persian has got little attention on behalf of linguists. This paper aims to situate the components of Persian light verb constructions in contexts that can be justifiably invoked as a motivation for CPr formation. The authors believe that CPrs can be considered as direct or indirect products of incorporation process. We hold here a broad concept of incorporation, namely X incorporation (XI), in which X indicates categories including nominals, adjectives and prepositional phrases. This process, explicated by means of some concepts from Cognitive Grammar, involves CPrs originating from complete clauses, and then passing through a compositional path where a nonverbal and a verbal element are selected out of a clause and end up in a complex predicate. In such a hypothetical path, a verb argument is occasionally omitted and the verb complement or adjunct, having a higher cognitive salience, is incorporated to it. The investigation will continue with focusing on the LVCs constructed with LV kardan ‘do, make’, as the most frequently used light verb in Persian. The paper will also explore how different paths could be associated with different ‘heavy’ meanings of kardan. Moreover, each CPr may further provide speakers with constructional schemasupon which other LVCs formed with a given LV can be sanctioned. Considering different kinds of LVCs explained in this paper, we can say that the semantic contribution of LVs falls into one of the two following possibilities depending on how the LVC in question is formed: i.      Compositional path is directly conceivable. When this is the case, the semantics of LV is equivalent to, or derived from, a main or extended sense of its non-light counterpart, as in emtehân dâdan ‘to take an exam’ (lit. to exam-give), xâb raftan ‘to fall asleep’ (lit. to sleepN-go), and lâne kardan ‘to nest’ (lit. to nestN-do). ii.    Compositional path is indirectly accessible through a constructional schema. In this case, the LV‘s semantic contribution can be thought of as dissolved in the constructional meaning of the relevant schema, as in imeyl zadan ‘to email’ (lit. to emailN-hit) whose LV has nothing to do with ‘hit‘, but imports a sense of ‘communication’ immanent in the constructional schema X + zadan which is in turn inherited from telegrâf zadan ‘to telegraph’ (lit. to telegraphN-hit). iii.  The compound verb is a denominal verb in which the light verb serves to verbalize a non-verbal element. In this case the semantic contribution of the light verb is to add processual meaning to the predicate.  }, Keywords = {Incorporation,Light verb construction,Complex predicate,Persian}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {149-170}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10562-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10562-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Tajbakhsh, Nassim and letafati, R. and DjaliliMarand, Nahi}, title = {A Glimpse of the Problems amongst the Students of Translation in French at the Universities of Iran}, abstract ={Teaching professional translation is a pedagogical process based on learning in which students of translation play a crucial and dynamic role. According to Fiolà’s definition of the framework of professional translation, translation student as the first and most significant elements in the formation of the desirable framework are recognizable considering their previously learned knowledge, motivation, and needs for educational materials. According to Kiraly’s recommended model of socio-constructivist approach, meetings these requirements demand independence and responsibility on the side of translation students. In the present study, 112 undergraduate students of French language translation were given a questionnaire which has been prepared based on their educational needs to challenge their status, role and contribution in the acquisition of the required skills for translation, so that their week points and the reasons for their failure in being good translators could be identified. This questionnaire, which has been conceived according to the theoretical framework of research (educational needs put forward by Jemar for teaching translation and the socio-constructivist approach recommended by Donald Kiraly), allows us to answer the following questions: 1. Have students of French language translation in Iran found their proper place in the course of their study? 2. Do they have the independence, the active involvement, and the sense of responsibility needed for acquiring the skills and requirements on their path to become a translator? 3. Do they show diligence and do they dedicate enough time to study and compensate for their lack of knowledge and linguistic problems? The results of the study indicated the lack of independence, active involvement and sense of responsibility amongst translation students which does not conform to the socio-constructivist approach. Limited general knowledge, less than perfect mastery of Persian and French languages, and most important of all, lacking strong motivation when entering the field are among the reasons that hinder their progress towards becoming top-notch translators. In fact, the main reason lies in the lack of sense of responsibility and diligence to surmount these difficulties. According to the socio-constructivist approach, teaching translation using authentic materials with the aim of introducing the requirements of the professional world of translation to students and also focusing on team work to encourage motivation and independence from professors in students, are among recommended solutions together with revisions applied to the curriculum and to the admission system.  }, Keywords = {Translation teaching process,Pedagogical framework,Professional translation,Socio-constructivist approach,Educational needs,French translation students}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {171-195}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1962-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1962-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Mousavi, Seyed hamzeh}, title = {ColloNet: A network for Analyzing Collocations}, abstract ={In this paper, we are suggesting a website, which we have called ColloNet, for explaining lexical collocations based on frame semantics.It is going to be connected to FrameNet that is a network drawing frames of lexemes. This network not only helps us comprehend the nature of collocations, but also is an introduction to more computational linguistics researches. We have considered the word ‘dast’ to explain different functions and applications of this website. The data are collected from two Persian corpora: Bijan Khan and Persian Database. A descriptive-comparative-analytic approach has been used to compare and analyze the frames, in which the collocates, the base and the whole construction are being defined. Consequently,by comparing frames and analyzing the relations between elements, we can not only understand the type of collocation (such as simple, metaphoric or metonymic), but also obtain some information regarding historical, political, social and cultural motivations behind collocations.  }, Keywords = {Frame Semantics,FrameNet,Lexical Collocations,metaphor,Metonymy}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {197-223}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2342-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2342-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Fayyazi, Reza and Sahra-Gard, Rahman and Rovshan, Belqeis and Zandi, Bahm}, title = {A Comparative study of the Impact of Bilingualism and Gender on Bilingual and Monolingual Learners in Linguistic and Logical-Mathematical Intelligences}, abstract ={The present research initially presents a brief description of two perspectives on the nature of intelligence. Then, it explains the theoretical framework of the research by overviewing the literature on bilingualism and cognitive development.  This research  primarily aims to explore the impact of bilingualism and gender on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences in a sample of monolingual and bilingual high school students (fourth graders) of Fars and Khuzestan provinces in Iran. To fulfill this objective, 448 monolingual and bilingual students were selected from among 67031 students in the 2012-2013 academic year. They were administered Multiple Intelligences Survey questionnaire developed by Armstrong (1993) and the results were analyzed through SPSS software. The findings revealed that the bilingual students rated themselves higher on linguistic and logical-mathematical than monolingual peers. Moreover, the male students gave higher self-estimates for logical-mathematical intelligence than their female peers while female students gave higher self-estimates for linguistic intelligence than their male peers. The results of such studies, which indicate students’ differences on intelligence, may lead to the awareness of curriculum developers and teachers to diversify teaching activities based on learners’ learning styles and intellectual abilities.      }, Keywords = {“Bilingualism”,“Monolingualism”,“Cogninitive development”,“Linguistic intelligence”,“Logical-Mathematical intelligence”}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {225-248}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9108-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9108-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {hajiyan, khadijeh}, title = {Linguistic thinking on theme and theme making techniques in the Persian poetry}, abstract ={A bunch of studies have been published in various formats of books and papers about Hafiz status and art in the field of Persian literature. Due to the large amount and the continuous process of such studies and in order to recognize their strengths and weaknesses, it is necessary for them to be reviewed especially considering the authors’ pen. The results of such reviews can be applied to address the lacks of this field. This study examines the historical process of Hafiz studies and their subjects as well. Since the beginning of the process (1919) up to 2010 about 2068 studies have been conducted. This study reviews the historical trend of Hafiz studies first in the format of papers, then checks the reasons of their ups and downs due to their quantity and quality. The stories are categorized under five historical periods and eight headings of: description of verses, critical review of books and studies about Hafiz, introduction of various Divan corrections, and the introduction of new versions, character analysis, Hafiz’s life and thoughts, Hafiz and the others, aesthetics (of Hafiz’s poetry). This study shows the rising process of the production of the studies since the beginning up to the third historical period due to the holding of two Hafiz’s memorial conferences. In the fourth period, this process quantitatively falls down but qualitatively rises till the fifth period when both quantity and quality of the papers escalate due to the introduction of new literary topics and the advance of criticisms.  }, Keywords = {Hafiz Studies,Historical Trend,Trend of Subjects,content,Historical Periods}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {249-275}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4551-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4551-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {malekiMoghadam, Ardeshir and HaghShenas, Ali Mohammad and Ameri, hayat}, title = {Analyzing the Inflectional Structure of Persian Verb Based on Word and Paradigm Theory}, abstract ={The aim of this study is to describe the inflectional structure of Persian verbs based on the theory of Words and Paradigm. We aim to clarify the nature of paradigm or verb inflectional patterns in Persian and the way the multiple roles of inflectional patterns such as person and number can be separated and transparently expressed. Therefore, we extracted sentences from Persian grammar books   and analyzed the structure of their verbs. These structures include Person and Number, Participle, Voice, Infinitive and Mood. Results showed that one-to-many or many-to-one correspondence of the inflectional properties of Persian verb can be described using Word and Paradigm model. This model is different from Item and arrangement or Item and Process models, due to the fact that words are considered as a totality for analysis .In the frame of the two mentioned models, words are divided into a sequence of discrete units. In addition, it became clear that the inflectional structures of the verb in Persian are of a morpho-syntactic nature and considering a layered structure for the verb helps to separate the multiple functions of the inflectional structure of Persian verb. Therefore it is possible to describe the characteristics of Persian Verb in the frame of Word and Paradigm model.    }, Keywords = {Persian verb,inflection,Word and Paradigm Theory,Key words: Morphology}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {277-307}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9229-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9229-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Azita and Kiani, Sara and Rostami, Azam}, title = {The effects of Explicit Teaching of Some Derivational suffixes to L2 Learners of Persian}, abstract ={  Teaching L2 vocabulary through different techniques, plays an important role in the enhancement of vocabulary knowledge. This study investigated teaching derivatives through explicit and incidental approaches. Explicit approach, has specifically focused on word part strategy and the roles and meanings of suffixes. In incidental approach, some texts included derivatives, were taught to L2 learners. Two hypothesis were considered: 1. teaching affixes explicitly would help guess the meaning and part of speech of words and this kind of instruction affects learners’ comprehension positively. 2. More exposure to derivatives would influence on understanding unfamiliar words and vocabulary knowledge effectively. After a pilot experiment, 40 Persian learners of Dehkhoda institute in intermediate 1 level were selected and examined for this investigation. They were divided into two groups, the controls and the experimentals . During the instruction, those suffixes were selected that were more frequent in core vocabulary. Suffixes such as /-gar/ which makes job names (in /bɑzigar/ that means actor) or suffixes which make a new grammatical category such as noun making /-eʃ/ (in /dɑneʃ/ that means knowledge), were selected for teaching and testing. 4 texts, included unfamiliar derivatives, were taught to control group. There were two reading comprehension questions after each text. In contrast, the meaning and usage of affixes were instructed to experimental group and then some exercises were given to them. The subjects participated in one test which was administered twice as pretest and posttest before and after the treatment. The result of data analysis showed that the experimental group who received explicit teaching of suffixes and word formation, improved significantly in comparison with the control group who received some texts. Therefore, the first hypothesis was confirmed. Furthermore, it was proved in another analysis that the posttest result of two groups outperformed the pretest significantly. Hence, the second hypothesis was proved out. However, incidental teaching of derivatives can affect vocabulary knowledge, the result of explicit teaching is still more meaningful.}, Keywords = {Persian Derivatives,Derivational Suffixes,Explicit Teaching,Incidental Teaching,Word Part Strategy}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-26}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9951-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9951-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Dorpar, Maryam}, title = {Semio stylistics: Existential Style of Presence in the Children Story “The White Crow”}, abstract ={In the present study, the author tries to shed light on the positive and strong points of semiotics of discourse in stylistics studies. This approach claims that literary creation is the product of mass culture and thus its explicit position has been considered as a kind of obstacle on the way to perceive the original identity of style and uniqueness or individuality of the writer. To this end, the child story entitled “white crow” by Vatan Parast (1380), has been selected as the corpus of the study in order to scrutinize the stylistic components. It is worth mentioning that little attention has been paid to this genre. In this study and according to semiotic approach to literary studies, by style, we mean the semiotic flow in interactive process of enunciation. At first, semiotic regimes based on programming and accident have been adopted as the criterion to recognize different kinds of style. Based on accident regime of discourse, existential style presence was defined and its features like imperfection , risk, negation / assertion transcendence of sign , discontinuity and finally challenge have been investigated. One of the results of this study in this genre showed that existential style plays a key role to develop the imagination and creativity of child. The factors like (Nane – sarma and smart crow) who change suddenly the Dasein of subject reinforce the aspects of fantasy in the story. By leaving Dasein , the co –enunciator has the possibility to free him or herself from referential/ closed / and realistic style of presence and takes path beyond the lived present . In determining the genre of children books, the main consequence of this study is that, it is necessary to focus on the stylistic features of the story as a key factor to select signification processes, experience, simplicity or complexity of the text more precisely.  }, Keywords = {Semio Stylistics,Existential Style,Child Story,White Story}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {27-46}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6882-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6882-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Gashmardi, Mahmoud Rez}, title = {Cognitive Teaching: Importance of Cognitive Neuroscience in the Teaching of Foreign Languages}, abstract ={For a long time ago, man has sought to understand the mental processes in reasoning, decision making, learning and other mental activities. But the scientific study of the human mind began a few decades ago with the advent of cognitive science. In order to be update and have access to new developments, some sciences tend to cognitive science as the use of the term ‘cognitive’ shows it and amongst them we can mention ‘cognitive psychology’, ‘cognitive linguistics’, ‘cognitive neuroscience’, and so on. Language teaching, as an interdisciplinary science, should take advantage of contributions from cognitive science to develop and to use them in practice. At first, it may seem a little hard to make a direct link between language teaching and cognitive science. For cooperation and integration of language teaching and cognitive science, the approaches of several subfields such as ‘cognitive psychology’, ‘cognitive neuroscience’ and ‘cognitive linguistics’ sound significant. The passage of the current teaching strategies to learning with cognitive landscape raises the questions that it must clarify them. In this article, based on a descriptive-analytic methodology, we sought to answer two questions: To what extent could cognitive neuroscience provide the theoretical basis for cognitive learning? To what extent could the teaching-learning approach based on the brain be used in language teaching? In this study, it is argued that the implications of cognitive science go beyond theoretical aspects. Language teaching can apply them in several cases including the methodology of teaching. Cognitive science provides a solid basis for practice and language teaching, for example, the knowledge and use of the principles of teaching and learning based on the brain can be very helpful in the process of teaching-learning foreign languages.  }, Keywords = {Foreign Language Teaching,Cognitive Approach,Cognitive Neuroscience,Brain-based Approach to Learning and Teaching}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {47-70}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9759-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9759-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Leila and Golfam, Arsalan and Ameri, Hayat}, title = {Speech Technology and Effective Semiotic Factors on Its Quality: A Listener-Based Analysis}, abstract ={  It seems that speech technology is a multidimensional skill which is related to some semiotic verbal and non-verbal issues and is more complicated than the usual and everyday language that native speakers use to communicate. Studies have shown that the power of speech is not any less than magic indeed in many fields.  In this paper, it has been tried to investigate the quality of both speech and speech techniques of 10 Farsi speakers in the viewpoint of 100 Farsi native speakers including 21 verbal, Para-linguistic, non-linguistic, and pro-enunciation factors applying a listener-based method which  was done for the first time in Farsi. The Participants have been chosen through stratified sampling to obtain data. The opinion poll has been about the speech quality of the ten Farsi speakers who were speaking spontaneously on TV live programs of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasts (IRIB). Hence, 20000 data were gathered from the statistical population. Then, descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated to reveal the most effective factors on speech quality.   Selecting the factors were inspired by principles and theories of Grice (1975), Yule and Brown (1989), Edlund and Gustafson (2010) in the framework of Eco Semiotics (1979). Hence, 21000 data were gathered from the statistical population. Then, descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. At first, in order to find out the questionnaire reliability, some of the respondents (40 people) were asked to complete the questionnaires again after ten days by watching all the ten one-minute recorded films of speeches through the same process. Consequently, after calculating the data and comparing with the previous questionnaires’ results, the reliability of the questionnaire was determined based on intra class coefficient (ICC) procedure. According to the definition of reliability coefficient (Mooner, 2000), the ICC degree for the overall questionnaires was 0.88 that indicates high correlation between both tests with a ten-day time interval. The internal validity of 0.872 was estimated as well. Subsequently, among all the observed factors, relatively, para-linguistic and non-linguistic factors have been identified as more effective than linguistic and pro-enunciation factors on speech quality of Farsi speaking skills. As a result, by presenting and identifying the degree and the percentage of the related factors, effective improvement and reinforcement strategies on speech techniques quality for Farsi speakers can be specified and clarified.  }, Keywords = {semiotic factors,non-linguistic,Para-linguistic,and pro-enunciation,Speech techniques}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {71-95}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9213-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9213-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Abdollahi, Akbar and khajehali, A.}, title = {Application of the Abstract Inter-Language Model in the Analysis of the Participants\' Errors in the Writing Section of the DELF Exam in Iran}, abstract ={In the present article, by analyzing the participants’ errors in the writing section of the international DELF exam, the authors try to discuss the evolution and mutation of the Iranian learners' inter-language. The general purpose of this research, accordingly, is to pinpoint the effects of Persian language on learning French, as a foreign language, in such realms as vocabulary, and idiomatic and structural constructions. The research, as well takes into account the way inter-language evolves and changes in four levels of DELF exam based on the common European referent Framework for languages. Due to the fact that the language learners are impressed by their mother language, they, unconsciously, experience linguistic errors in such fields as vocabulary use, syntactic structure, and grammar while writing.  The findings of this research revealed that Iranian French-language learners who participate in the international French exams, are basically under the impression of a simplified system of French language, the complexity of which is promoted along with the learners' general level. The analysis of the texts composed by the participants of the DELF exam reveals that the writing errors performed by the learners are mostly rooted in their mother language as well as their false assumptions and predispositions about language and its learning process.}, Keywords = {Inter-language,written language,error,French as a foreign language,DELF exam}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {97-124}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4213-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4213-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Moradi, Maryam}, title = {Words ending with suffixes «-як(а) / -ак(а)» in Russian language, with the concept of common generic noun in this language, and compound agentive adjective in Persian}, abstract ={  This article reviews the nouns ending in suffixes «-як(а) / -ак(а)» in Russian language,having the concept of common generic noun in this language and agentive adjective in Persian, and also analyzes their derivability in terms of derivation and grammar of Persian and Russian. Semantically, these words usually have a wide variety. The aim of this research is to identify all common generic nouns between females and males, or so-called «общий род» ending in suffixes «-ак» and «-як» in Russian language, and their equivalents in Persian, and also to check out the derivative relation of the words in this language. For a closer look at the issue, examples of literary works in Russian were translated and Persian equivalents of the common generic nouns ending in suffixes «-ак» and «-як» were analyzed. Also, for choosing the appropriate Persian equivalents, the contemporary word formation tools were used and roots of words and their derivability and non-derivability were analyzed. Then the author classified semantic components of words ending in these two suffixes. Finally, the relationship between agentive adjectives in Persian language and these words were discussed. The comparative method and insight of this research in analysis of common generic noun equivalents ending in suffixes «-ак» and «-як», and the analytic and translational approach of this analysis in Persian language distinguishes this research from other researches on common generic noun in Russian language.    }, Keywords = {Agentive Adjective,«-як(а) / - ак(а)» affixes,common generic noun,Russian language,Persian language}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {125-147}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1790-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1790-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Motaghizadeh, I. and Naghizade, S.A.}, title = {Effect of Ideological Issues on Quality of Translation of Arabic news A Case Study of Aljazeera’s Media Network Translation into Fars News agency based on Julian House Pattern}, abstract ={One of the important issues in the field of media is the impact of ideological issues on the translation of this type of texts. The Current paper seeks to examine this type of influential effects and discourse affecting the translation process and changes in target language. Therefore, based on Julian House’s translation quality evaluation pattern which is characterized by high accuracy to highlight the function of ideological issues on the text, a news text was selected from Aljazeera media network and its translation was evaluated in Fars News agency. The results showed that the translator of the above mentioned news text has been strongly affected by media policies and discourse ruling on the target language and in this way, he had to apply some changes in the original text. In the studied case, the same process has been observed and translator of Fars news agency has translated the Aljazeera news in a way acceptable to his own media discourse and had no attention to the original text and its main role.  }, Keywords = {news translation,modality of speech,Julian House,Ideology,Discourse}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {149-173}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-7343-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-7343-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Atashsowda, Mohammad Ali and Nekoei, Rez}, title = {Narratology of the Short Story "Elegy for Jaleh and Her Murderer" Based on Greimas’ Actantial and Sensible /Stative Models}, abstract ={The present study aims at investigating narratology of the short story "Elegy for Jaleh and her murderer" by Abou Torab Khosravi based on Greimas' Actantial and Sensible /Stative Models. It also seeks to investigate narrative structures considered by Greimas in order to explain the gradual evolution of sequences and formation of the story to compare the Sensible /Stative models, and to examine the way of passing through the actantial system into the Sensible /Stative model in this story. The actantial model turns around Lieutenant Kavous actions where in a pre-programmed and prescriptive manner, he wants to affect the object of value with a special order in contractual / executive and disjunctive sequences. Action helpers and anti-actants in turn, facilitate or make difficult the hero's action. However, in the Sensible /Stative Model, we can find how actants and object of value turn into object of value and sensible or stative subject in the cycle of discourse. As well, it is easy to observe that sensible or stative subject without any pre-planned program, finds himself in a new situation by dealing with the object of value after passing through emotional-perceptual processes and other aspects of discourse that can be called "moving toward the beloved". Thus, it can be concluded that in this discursive transmutation, the relationship between actants can be redefined with a gradual transformation in five sequences, and the established actantial discourse reaches doubt and changes into sensible /stative discourse.  }, Keywords = {narratology,Elegy for Jaleh and her murderer,actantial model,Greimas,Sensible/Stative Model}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {175-206}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3007-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3007-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Mousavidehsheikh, Ali and Yousefian, pakzad and Mahmoodibakhtiari, B.}, title = {Islamophobia in American TV Series: Integrating Critical Discourse Analysis with Grammar of Visual Design}, abstract ={According to Sheridan and Gillett (2005), one fundamental form of inequality, being on the rise since 9/11, is religious discrimination. The main source of experiencing and being exposed to such inequalities and discriminations can be television which ‘is such an important source of information and entertainment that viewers cannot escape its gradual encroachment into their everyday lives’ (Laughey, 2007, p. 20). American TV series are so major and worldly-known entertaining media that many of them have millions of viewers around the world. So, it will be of great importance to make sure if they want to keep and even worsen this picture of Islam and Islamophobia. Therefore, this paper investigates the role of American TV series in promoting Islamophobia in public view. To do so, one has to analyze two main aspects of the TV shows which are the conversations and the picture frames. For analyzing the former, we have chosen Norman Fairclough’s (1992a, 1995, 2001) approach to Critical Discourse Analysis, and for the latter, Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) Grammar of Visual Design. American TV series, named Homeland (2011- still on air in 2017), broadcasted by Showtime® in the U.S has been the corpus of the present study. Its story that is mainly connected to the Middle East with lots of Muslim characters explains our choice. Consequently, the present study seeks to answer the following research questions: 1. Do the analyzed sequences of Homeland have Islamophobic elements based on Fairclough’s (1992a, 1995, 2001) CDA framework? 2. Do the analyzed sequences of Homeland have Islamophobic elements based on Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) Grammar of Visual Design? 3. Are there any combinations of visual and discursive elements to promote Islamophobia in the analyzed sequences of Homeland which can be analyzed by an integration of Fairclough’s (1992a, 1995, 2001) CDA framework and Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) Grammar of Visual Design? Our work has led us to the conclusion that many cases in Homeland TV series, either discursive (based on Fairclough’s CDA framework (1992a, 1995, 2001)) or visual (based on Kress and van Leeuwen’s Grammar of Visual Design (2006)), were Islamophobic. Furthermore, there were cases in which both visual and discursive (audio) elements were used to promote Islamophobia. As a result, all of the research questions receive a positive answer. Moreover, it can be concluded that a combination of Fairclough’s (1992a, 1995, 2001) CDA framework and Kress and van Leeuwen’s Grammar of Visual Design (2006) can create a powerful approach in critical media analysis to expose the real policies of the media and power owners and decode the encrypted messages behind what is shown to the public. It is worth noting that analyzing a greater number of TV series could result in a higher generalization of our results.}, Keywords = {Islamophobia,Critical Discourse Analysis,Grammar of Visual Design,Homeland}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {207-238}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-644-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-644-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Azmoudeh, H. and Amoozadeh, M.}, title = {Cooptation and the Relative Clauses in Persian}, abstract ={This paper sets out to investigate the feasibility of replacement of restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses at discourse level in Persian. Givon (2001) believes that proper names, pronouns and unique definite nouns cannot be modified by restrictive relatives. On the other hand, it is usually stated that the modification of indefinite nouns by non-restrictive relatives would result in ungrammatical sentences. This study, however, provides examples from the Persian language arguing against such propositions. Furthermore, there are also evidences in Persian showing that the emotive and expositive information, which are usually expressed by non-restrictive relatives, may also be expressed by restrictive relative clauses. The main inquiry will, then, be how such discourse possibilities would be accounted. To this end, the current paper aims to study and analyze the above-mentioned discourse situations within Discourse Grammar (DG) framework, as introduced by Heine and et al (2013). For the analysis, the empirical data are gathered from the different spoken and written sources in Persian as well as some other instances based on the authors’ own observations and their intuitions. In short, on the basis of Discourse Grammar, this paper argues that the discourse situations allowing such possibilities can be explained in terms of Cooptation mechanism, an important notion in Discourse Grammar which explain the interaction between sentence grammar and thetical grammar. Furthermore, unlike Heine and et al (2013), it is shown that Cooptation may be a bidirectional operation. In a sense, the paper provides some examples and explanation for the non-unidirectionality of cooptation mechanism such as appositive phrases and Ezafe constructions in Persian.}, Keywords = {Discourse Grammar,Sentence Grammar؛ Thetical Grammar,Restrictive Relative clause,non-restrictive relative clause,Cooptation}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {239-263}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-64-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-64-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ghoreishi, Shokooh and Valipur, Alirez}, title = {The Comparison of Sentences’ Style in Russian Translations of the Quran based on the Sura, Al-Rahman, Waqiah, Al-Hadid and Al-Hashr}, abstract ={Miracle of the Prophet of Islam, unlike the miracles of other Prophets was the book. This book was sent among people that were known for rhetoric. Rhetorical miracle is one of the miracles of this holy book. This immortals book with particular eloquence tries to explain the facts. Facts that are adorned in the beautiful forms that affects the spirit of the listeners. In this study among the variety of linguistic tropes and structures that should be considered in translation process, we have tried to analyze some aspects of the rhetorical structures. In this regard, some examples from the Quran are provided and with a contrastive linguistic approach in a comparing discussion, we survey translation problems.   }, Keywords = {rhetorical connection and disconnection,Contrastive Linguistic,Style,Rhetorical Techniques,Rhetoric of the Quran}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-23}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5780-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5780-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ahadi, hourieh}, title = {Comparing expressive grammar in children with autism and typically developing children}, abstract ={Autism is the most concrete developmental disorder. Upon recent epidemiological studies, the prevalence of autism is about one in every 165 children. Only 25% of them have intellectual disabilities. So, it was thought that the disorder is not necessarily with severe cognitive damages. While the poor performance of children's communication is the main features of them, language profile of symptoms varies from person to person. On the one hand, children have ability to perform their language as the norm, and on the other hand, children who do not have the ability to speak. So, Language impairment is one of the main characteristics of children with autism; however, findings of the language deficits in these children have been inconclusive, and even less is known about the language profiles of Persian children with autism. Due to the heterogeneity in autism, we also need extensive investigations on the properties of their language in different languages. The aim of this study was to evaluate grammatical characteristics in children with autism by revealing the differences between age-matched and language-matched normal children. Rizzi believes each structure will consist of three layers from top to bottom as follows: The complementizer phrase (CP), inflectional phrase (IP) and verbal phrase (VP). So, the Complement layer is syntactic materials to build question phrases, complement phrases and relative clauses. Inflectional layer is related to inflection, negative and auxiliary verbs while verb phrases are related to verb and its arguments. Research data were collected at 10 autistic (ages 6 to 9) and 20 normal children (10 age-matched and 10 language-matched). First, we used The GARS-2, and the ASSQ for diagnosing high-functional Autistic children. The GARS-2 is a norm-referenced instrument that assists teachers and clinicians in identifying and diagnosing autism individuals aged 3 years to 22 years and in estimating the severity of the child's disorder. The ASSQ is a questionnaire which was filled out by the parents or teachers of children or adolescents (6 to 17 years of age). It stands for screening autism spectrum disorders. Children’s expressive grammar was measured by using the Persian Photographic Grammar Expression Test. It is the first reliable and valid test that exclusively and accurately evaluates grammatical characteristics of Persian-speaking children. It concludes 32 grammatical structures it has good content validity (CVI>80), convergent validity of two test (r P= 0.5) and a correlation coefficient equal to 0.91 and greater than 0.9 respectively. Also, the test has a good internal consistency (kr21= 0.82). And finally data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test.  The result of this research showed that there is significant difference between autistic group and age-matched group in all structure except in WH question, yes/no question, different type of relative clauses, tense, aspect, mood, different type of pronouns and preposition. But comparison between autistic group and language-matched group showed that there is no significant difference in most structures except WH question, yes/no question, complementary relative clauses, different type of pronouns and preposition. Overall, autistic children demonstrated consistent expressive impairment in questions, relative clause and pronouns. It should be noted that these factors should be seriously considered in identification and treatment of this phenomenon.  }, Keywords = {Persian,Expression,Autism,grammar,Natural children}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-21}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11964-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11964-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Bahrami, Kave}, title = {The Analysis of Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy in German and Farsi}, abstract ={This article examines the syntactic function used to produce relative clauses. The article considers Keenan and Comrie (1977) as its point of departure, and provides examples from both German and Persian language to confirm the existence of a hierarchy in these languages. Moreover, by comparing examples of relative clauses in both languages, the article seeks to answer the following question: what are some of the available form of relative clauses in German and Persian language? And what are some of the differences? In this research, by using a descriptive-analytic method, we show that the structure of relative clause from any position is not possible in relative clause. We also discuss that what strategies will benefit different languages to overcome obstacles?  Additionally, the article will engage with a possible connection between relativisation strategy and noun phrase accessibility hierarchy. This study confirms that regardless of apparent differences between German and Persian, both languages have allowed for the formation of relative clauses as far as additional objects are concerned. The Persian language, the paper reveals, has gone one step beyond the German language in allowing for the formation of objects of comparison and coordination structure. In addition, we showed that different languages ​​use different strategies to build relative clauses. In some languages, structure of active turn into passive for this purpose. In addition, we showed that the German language uses the relative pronoun strategy to make the position of additional object available for making relative clauses. Whereas the Persian language can make the most difficult hierarchical position which is comparison structure available for creating relative clauses by using Pronoun-retention strategy. Therefore, the German language is more like the French language and Persian language has abilities ​​as well as English language. We can conclude that languages which use more various strategies to create a relative clause individualize more syntactic positions for creating relative clauses. In addition, we demonstrated two of the generalizations that are visible in the table of Keenan and Comrie. Although, this subject has been studied in different languages, but an independent research which considers Persian and German languages from this point of view has never been done before. The results of this paper can be useful for teachers and learners of any of the two languages ​​considered in this research.  }, Keywords = {Hierarchy,Noun Phrase Accessibility,relative clause,Typology of Language,German Language,Universals of Language}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {23-42}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1839-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1839-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Pordel, Mojtaba and Rezaei, Hadaegh and Rafi&#039;i, Adel}, title = {Constructiono of Emergent Meaning in Blank Verse Poetry on the Basis of the Conceptual Blending Theory}, abstract ={In the present paper, we aim to apply the Conceptual Blending Theory proposed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002) to the analysis of one poem by Garous Abdolmalekian. Our hypothesis rests upon the fact that the same cognitive operations which occur in everyday construction and understanding of language as put forth by Blending theorists, occur also at the construction and interpretation of a literary work by authors and readers alike, operations like setting of input mental spaces, cross-space matching, blending clashing material and creating emergent structure. The poem examined in the paper, "lahzeye sheni" ("the sandy moment") is quite a long poem divided into five stanzas. The method used in the examination is a descriptive- analytic one. To use conceptual means of Blending, each stanza is a blend behind which stands an integration network composed of two input spaces which have projected selective structure onto the blend leading to emergent structure in it. For example, in one stanza, what is presented is an image in which black pieces of paper thrown out of the window turn into crows and fetch on the tree branches. This is a blend created out of two inputs of crows and black pieces of paper which are integrated together through the compression of the vital relation of Change. In general, it can be assumed that the poet, while creating the work, has passed through theses mental stages before he comes up with the present form of the poem; that is, he has formed two mental input spaces, and then merged them together only to bring about a novel concept, some emerge structure, which is the poem itself. The assumption can be extended so as to include the reader on the other side of this act of communication: the reader also, on their encounter with the poem, in order to make sense of it, has to unpack the blend which is presented to him in the poem. The reader, through the mechanisms of disintegration and decompression, try to reconstruct the mental phases the author has gone through while creating the work, and thus to gain an interpretation of it. In conclusion, what this paper reveals is the fact that literary works depend upon the same basic mental operations, here the operation of blending, which are at work in like non-literary works. Moreover, a good reader is who is able to follow the author, in a reverse manner, in his act of creation, and to achieve an active participation in his act of reading. The Blending Theory, by analyzing the cognitive processes a work of art passes through, helps readers reach higher levels of the participation of the sort mentioned.   }, Keywords = {Cognitive Linguistics,Blank Verse Poetry,Conceptual Blending,Blended Space,Emergent Structure}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {43-66}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-699-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-699-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Zahr}, title = {Analyzing Complex Words in Persian in Construction Morphology and Lexical Morphology/Phonology}, abstract ={In Persian, two processes of derivation and compounding are used in a generative way to form new words. Thus, in this paper, in addition to analyzing complex words in Persian in construction morphology and lexical morphology /phonology, it is also tried to answer this question that which model is more effective in the analysis of complex Persian words? According to this question, the following hypothesis is proposed: ‘since construction morphology takes advantage of abstract morphological schemas, it would be more effective to construct hierarchical complex words and to present a semantic analysis of this model in the analysis of complex Persian words.’ Two main processes of compounding and derivation in construction morphology and lexical morphology /phonology were examined with regard to Persian data, comparing them with each other and studying irregular cases in lexical morphology/phonology. The results showed that the above-mentioned models both have a word-based approach to morphology. However, construction morphology, taking advantage of construction concept as the pairing of form and meaning in the analysis of morphological phenomena, proposing abstract schema for word formation patterns, hierarchical formation of complex words and the possibility of justifying their meanings especially endocentric compounds, is more effective than lexical morphology in the analysis of complex words based on Persian data and therefore the hypothesis of the study is accepted.    }, Keywords = {Lexical Morphology/ phonology,Constructional Morphology,compounding,Derivation,Constructional Schemas}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {67-93}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5767-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5767-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Danesh, Tayebeh and Farvardin, Mohammad Taghi}, title = {Investigating the Effects of Glossing Conditions on EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Retention}, abstract ={This quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of five different glossing conditions (i.e., full gloss, inference-gloss-gloss, gloss-retrieval-gloss, inference-gloss-retrieval-gloss, and gloss-retrieval-gloss-retrieval) on English as a foreign language (EFL) vocabulary retention. To this end, 140 MA students of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) were selected. The participants were randomly assigned to one glossing condition to read an English text. Within the text, five target words were glossed twice or three times in the text margin. For instance, in the inference-gloss-retrieval-gloss condition, the participants were expected to infer word meaning in the first encounter; then the word’s meaning was provided in the form of gloss in the second encounter; in the third word occurrence they were expected to remember word meaning; and at the last word encounter the word meaning was again provided in the form of gloss. To ensure the participants’ attention while reading, a multiple-choice reading comprehension test was administered after reading the text. Four weeks later, two vocabulary tests (i.e., form retention and meaning retention) were administered. The obtained data were analyzed through one-way MANOVAs and post hoc Scheffe tests. The results revealed that the gloss-retrieval-gloss-retrieval condition group outperformed the other four groups in both form retention and meaning retention posttests.}, Keywords = {glossing conditions,inference,retrieval,vocabulary retention,EFL}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {95-120}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3045-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3045-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi, Rouhallah}, title = {The interaction between effective verbs in “A man in a cage” Sadegh Choobak}, abstract ={Modal verbs can shape the acts and decisions. They can either influence the states or the situations. In conjunction and disjunction’s relation between a subject and the object of value, these verbs have key factor and a crucial influence on the story. Changing the situations and going from one place and a level to another place needs sometimes the will and sometimes the power. Because of the juxtaposition of these two factors, the hero of “A man in a cage” faces some conflictual situations that he tries to resolve. Sometimes, he tends to preserve a relation and sometimes he wants to ends a relation, but in the both situations he cannot succeed. This story depicts the life of a man who is always trapped with what he has and what he loses. In such a situation his decisions and his works are so important because they show his position facing different problems and difficulties. In our analysis, by referring to French semioticians theories like J. Courtés and J. Fontanille, we will show the underlying structure of signification emergence in novel. There are four factors being able to change an act: to want, to have to, to know and to be able to. Any change in each one of these basic elements could modify totally or partially the acts and the states.  This article tries to show the impact of modal verbs on how feelings can be produced and modified. Because the loneliness is one of the major characteristics of Hassan, we try to discover how these factors can augment or reduce this felling. Hassan is strongly affected by loneliness and this felling makes him isolated and unable to carry out what he desires. Hassan is very dependent on his wife and other objects; this dependence makes him more isolated and his life seems mysterious to others. This is a very delicate situation and it is the source of his loneliness.                  }, Keywords = {semiotics,Choubak,modal verbs,Conjunction and Disjunction Relation}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {121-134}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10394-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10394-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {veisihesar, rahm}, title = {Aspect in Kurdish: From Ontology to Grammar}, abstract ={The present paper aims at investigating the aspectual system in; Mukriyani Kurdish language. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on the two-component theory of aspectuality (Smith (1997) and the Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp and Reyle 1993).  These theories are employed to explain and categorize the relevant data in order to determine the possible aspectual categories. In this regard, a corpus including simple and complex verbs is analyzed from a semantic perspective to illustrate the possible lexical aspects (situation types) in Kurdish language. The verb phrase (VP) is regarded as the level of analysis in this research; accordingly, the verb along with its arguments and adjuncts are considered as a semantic complex conveying an aspectual meaning. The present research seeks to answer these questions: what are the main aspectual categories in Kurdish language? How can they be described at the level of verb phrase? What are those linguistic instruments which can trigger aspect shifting in the sentence? The results show that five kinds of situation-type aspects (activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive, and state) exist in Kurdish language. Also, it indicates that some elements in the sentence trigger coercion (type shifting) which is responsible for derived aspectual categories. For example, durative adverbs transform the accomplishment verbs into activity verbs. In addition, the unspecified internal argument is incompatible with the accomplishments, because it turns the accomplishment verbs into activity ones. However, the accomplishments are compatible with specified internal arguments and also with completive adverbs. Concerning activity events, they are compatible with un-bounded and durative adverbs, and also with the unspecified internal argument. Nevertheless, the bounded spatial adverbs transform the aspectual category of activity into accomplishment. As far as semelfactive is concerned, it is turned into a repetitive activity when it is combined with the durative adverbs or with imperfective aspect; but it is compatible with punctual temporal adverbs. The verbs characterized by the stative aspect are turned into dynamic when they are combined with the progressive auxiliaries. However, most of the verbs with stative aspect may not be combined with the imperfective aspect. In the same vein, the achievement verbs undergo semantic change in the presence of durative adverbs or the imperfective aspect. In fact, the grammatical aspect of imperfectivitytriggers aspectual shifting when it is combined with some of the lexical aspects (such as semelfactive, achievement and state). The results show that the five kinds of lexical aspects in Kurdish language are highly influenced by grammatical computation. The argument structure and the different adverbial phrases have a great impact on determining the final aspect of the verb in the sentence. In other words, the aspect of a verb may not be regarded as a category representing an event in the real world; on the contrary, it should be considered as a grammatical entity made by different linguistic elements in the verbal constellation. In other words, the final aspectual category of a verb is determined by a syntactic relationship among verb, its argument structure, and also the adjuncts. Finally, the paper tries to present the formal representation of the different situation aspects in Kurdish language.  }, Keywords = {Situation Aspect,Grammatical aspect,Verbal constellation,Type Shifting,Mukriyani Dialect}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {135-158}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11278-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11278-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, Leila and Afkhami, Ali and Sojoodi, Farz}, title = {The Persian Visual Poetry through Cognitive Poetics Approach}, abstract ={This paper examines the interaction between the visual and the verbal modes, that is, the multimodality of transferring the meaning in Persian visual poetry in terms of cognitive base of different types of integrations which occur in the brain after different sensory channels transferring the visual and verbal data. Although contemporary poetry is multimodal, the visual poetry is considered a type of poetry that has both the verbal and the visual as the dominant, mixed modes that tend to construct the poetic meaning. Different arrangement of words and images, which has a neurological ground, requires different kinds of cognitive processing and will therefore induce different feelings, impressions, and connotations. Consequently, the general meaning of a multimodal text goes beyond that of the combination of the two modes. Drawing on cognitive semiotics, this paper demonstrates how the multimodal poem is conceptualized through embodied experience. Furthermore, it shows how various types of visual/verbal synthetization in a poetry text are differed by a number of distinctive features. Moreover, it is shown how the meaning-making process and the resulting affection become possible in each type of visual poetry. Through modifying Aarhus’s model (2005, 2012), itself based on Fauconnier and Turner’s conceptual blending theory, this research puts forward twelve different types of interaction between the verbal and visual modes, which, in this paper, are mentioned just the three super basic classified categories due to the limitation of the journal’s space. In fact, the three super categories are: It is about the general relations among the two or more modes or media. In this kind of relation, each mode/medium comprises separable and individually coherent texts in different mode/media to improve the meaning space at the end.  It is divided into two sub-groups, which are Mode-adjacency and Multimodality. It is a kind of transformations from one medium to another. An inter-medial text could be divided into Duplicating and Iconicity (Image iconicity, Relational diagram iconicity and Structural diagram iconicity). Duplicating could not presents an indissoluble connection of diverse modes as a fusion of different modal processes, while in the second one (Iconicity), the verbal and visual modes are fused together to represent the similarity or adjacency. The Duplicating could also be based on similarity or contiguity as well, that is the whole or a part of the text could be duplicated due to similarity of the verbal mode to visual mode or the contiguity of both together. The third and the last type of relation between verbal and visual modes is mix-modal text, which is the combination of modes in a way that the complex signs in different modes would not be coherent or self-sufficient outside of that context. It is divided into four groups which are called in this research Counter-iconicity (Counter iconicity of mis-matching and Paradox-counter iconicity), Mode-situational inclusion, Mode-overlapping and complementary relation. Cognitively, these three basic types are processed respectively as following: bottom-up, top-down and integrated processing. Furthermore, these types are based on the structure of human brain and the functions of neurological cells, to study multimodal, especially visual poetry. Since both brain and literature contain similar patterns, it is inferred that each type of verbal-visual interaction that is constructed through a particular cognitive process will necessarily form specific emotions and impressions.    }, Keywords = {visual poetry,Cognitive poetics,Human Brain,Cognitive Process,Embodied Experience,multimodality}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {159-186}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2125-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2125-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {otroshi, M.}, title = {The Use of Acoustic Phonetics in Identifying Phonetic Errors: French Nasal Vowels}, abstract ={Teaching/learning French nasal vowels are one of the problems encountered by Iranian teachers and students in institutes and universities. The problems arise due to the fact that there are no approximate phonetic analogues for those vowels in Persian. In the present study, the acoustic phonetics is used. It is a method based on acoustic analysis using speech analysis and phonetics software. In recent years, voice analysis software’s have made it possible to identify phonetic errors with precision. The research objective is to identify French nasal vowels errors by Iranian students and analyze inter-phoneme-phonetic data. The population under study consists 8 students of the French language at University of Isfahan during the first semester 2015-16. Student’s oral productions have been analyzed by using analysis software with regard to structural physical parameters of F1, F2 and F3. As the results of the present study demonstrate, students in the production of French nasal vowels (CVn) are in trouble due to the absence of such vowels in the native language. The process of “unpacking nasal vowels” and “nasalizing the oral vowels” are evident due to the impact of native language. Therefore, the frequency of phonetic errors, French nasal vowels, has a meaningful relationship with the French nasal vowels characteristics and phonetic structure of the students’ native language.  }, Keywords = {FFL,Nasal Vowels,Acoustic phonetics,Phonetic Error Detection,analyze inter-phoneme-phonetic data}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {187-216}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3085-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3085-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {mehrkesh, E.}, title = {The challenges of ignorance to purports of words and wirter\'s purpose}, abstract ={Nowadays, subject crush in its own subjective and theoretical form is the focus of attention in linguistic milieu. To this end, scholars should accept some in adaptations in their points of view with current issues in literary science where some of their proponents ignore the intention of the author.  This article tries to investigate the impact of this approach on Persian linguists and scrutinizes the unacceptable consequences of subject crush subjectivity. In addition, the author wants to know why some followers of this approach do not pay attention to author intention. In order to respond to these questions and by applying and criticizing some scholars of this realm like Saussure, Pierce, Hjelmslev, Wimsatt, Barthes and Breadsley, this article explains the reason of subjectivity of the words by referring them to the external entities. Hence, it verifies what has the impact on the author’s intention. The impact of these kinds of discussions on other related sciences like Uṣūl, Literature, their Acceptance or Refutation are the Main Objectives of the Present Research.    }, Keywords = {Keywords Subject Crush of the Words,Intention of the author,Referential Theory of Meaning,External Entities}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {239-264}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10494-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10494-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Mohamadi, D. and Radbakhsh, yadolah}, title = {Compare the effectiveness of direct training and multimedia education to improve six different type of Dysgrphia}, abstract ={This study aims at comparing the effectiveness of direct instruction and multimedia instruction on six type of Dysgraphia. In this study the authors answered three questions. Does direct instruction of six types reduce misspelling? Does multimedia education reduce misspelling in just six types? Does the effectiveness of direct teaching and learning effectiveness multimedia reduce misspellings together in six different categories? The Method of this study is experimental with pretest and posttest and control group. After preparing the necessary instrument for this research including instruction spelling software and spelling test Karimi and Wechsler intelligence scale children- review (WISC- R), 39 female students in the third grade of elementary school were selected based on multistage sampling method  and were divided into three groups. The first group was exposed to independent variable of direct instruction, the second group was exposed to independent variable of multimedia instruction and the third one-control group-received no instruction. After collecting the spelling scores from all three groups in the pretest and posttest, the data were analyzed by SPSS software univariate analysis of variance. The result indicated that direct instruction and multimedia instruction was significantly effective on dysgraphia improvement. Also effectiveness direct instruction was more effective than multimedia instruction on some of spelling mistakes and multimedia instruction also effectiveness was more effective than multimedia instruction on some of spelling mistakes.  }, Keywords = {dysgraphia,direct instruction,multimedia instruction,Wechsler Intelligence Test,Semnan Schools}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {265-290}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-819-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-819-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {mohammadi, D. and szarenejad, S.}, title = {Educational Objectives Levels in the Exercises of Educational Sets of Sadaya Al- Hayat and Al- Arabiya Bayna-Yadaik (Analyzing the Contents Based on the Anderson and Krasol Classification: Cognitive Approach)}, abstract ={Considering different types of levels of learning, especially advanced levels of learning, such as analysis, reflection, criticism and creativity, are important underpinnings that are emphasized today in planning and design content in the foreign language. This essay attempts to examine the level of attention to different levels of learning and their relevance to the different stages of linguistics in both educational collections Sadaya  Al- Hayat and Al- Araibya Bayna-Yadaik as two well-known collections of Arabic language teaching in Iran and in the Arab countries. To this end, Bloom's redefined classification was selected by cognitive levels 1 and 2, on the basis of which the drills of these collections and their degree of attention to inclusion at different levels of learning were examined while encompassing high cognitive levels, mentality and thought. This research is based on content analysis and its statistical society including the 21 volumes of student’s text book and the Sadya al-Hayat pedagogical workbook and three volumes of interdisciplinary literacy education. A total of 320 samples from a total of 1910 Arabic textbooks and 320 from the 2806 Sadya al-Hayat exercises were selected on the basis of Cochran's sampling formula. The results of the study show that in both cases the objectives of the lower levels were taken into account, especially in order to recall, understand and apply. In these two series, little effort has been made to build analytical, thinking, evaluation and creative capacities.}, Keywords = {Cognitive dimension,Educational objectives levels,Sadya al-Hayat,Al- Arabiya Bayna-Yadaik,Anderson’s classification}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {1-26}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-12381-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-12381-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {gholami, sayed sajjad and Roohi, k. and Hajikhani, A. and hasanzadeh, S.}, title = {Analysis of the Intertextual Relationship of the Tathir Verse with the Most Important verses of Imamah, Wilayah and the virtues of Ahl al-Bayt}, abstract ={The verse of Imamah (Al-Ahzab / 33.33) is one of the most important Quranic reasons concerning the virtue and infallibility of Ahl-al Bayt. Ahl-al Bayt scholars and Sunnis have discussed this verse in various aspects throughout history. One aspect that has not been addressed is the interrelation of Tathir's verse with other verses of the Imamah, wilayah and Ahl-al Bayt virtues. This essay seeks to use the descriptive-analytical method and to respond to the rules of intertextual relations in order to analyze the intertextual relationship between this verse and the most important verses of the imamah, wilayah and the virtues of Ahl-al Bayt. After analyzing and evaluating the intertextual relationships of the Tathir verse with the other verses, we concluded that this verse, which implies the infallibility of Ahl-al Bayt, has been hidden in other verses of the Imamah, wilayah and the virtues of Ahl-al Bayt which is the inseparable part of the concept of these verses. In accordance with the rules of intertextual relations, these relations are as follow: either this verse expresses the other peculiarities of the other verses - or are the basis of another verse, and its relation which is causative and necessary. Everything else expresses the meaning of the verse of Tathir among the verses of the Imamah, wilayah, and the virtues of Ahl al-Bayt, that are in some way the underlying basis of the other verses.}, Keywords = {Tathir verse,Ahl al-Bayt,Wilayah verses,Imamah and virtue,Intertextual relationship,‘Isma}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {27-52}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10144-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10144-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {zolfagari, has}, title = {Linguistic stereotypes in classic texts of Persian folk literature}, abstract ={The language of tales includes a set of stereotypes including curses, tricks, courtesies, orisons, oaths, threats, comets etc.that have the cultural infrastructure and are very popular in the classic and folk literature making them marked. This foregrounding is an anthropological advantage that reflects the language, culture and lifestyle of people. The study of these materials as well as their syntax shows the difference in popular prose with popular texts, to say the prose of the popular texts is not exactly the same spoken language but a standard variant similar to the spoken and popular language. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the use of linguistic stereotypes and their role in accepting these tales among people. Another advantage of this study is to investigate the continuous use of these stereotypes in the public's current language. The interpretations and terminology used in this work illustrate the adjacency of the present spoken Persian to the language of the past. This subject is so important in sociolinguistics. Thus the main question of this study is: to what extent in classic popular texts these stereotypes such as curses, tricks, courtesies, orisons, oaths, threats, comets, idioms and axioms contribute to the writing on popular literature. Our hypothesis is that one of the aesthetic aspects and the effect of these texts and their popularity among the people is the same as the use of linguistic stereotypes. To arrive at the answer, among the stereotypes and linguistic materials, 46 texts of classical popular literature were selected and all the material was extracted, categorized and analyzed. The novelty of the article is to analyze and extract hundreds of stereotypes of texts and reflect their diversity in a meticulous way, as well as linguistic and literary analysis and sociology of these rich materials in language. Our research showed that the curse in these texts fully reflects the ideology and religious beliefs of the speaker. Cursing, deceiving or swearing in the popular stories of the Safavid and Qajar dynasties indicated the fragility of the moral foundations and sometimes indicate cultural and social problems. The insults were the following: those signifying the madness and stupidity, debauchery, fanaticism, sexual-oriented assimilations, addressing the public with animals, religious, relating to fortune, the relationship of bad manners, obscenity, and ignorance and finally those referring to the ethnic and national insults. By looking at the insults, which are often based on the type and severity of people, as the bastard has the highest frequency, because it is very important in people’s religion and customs. The dog is impure in Islamic law and is used in abusive manner, but this is not the case in other cultures. False narratives are directly related to the luck and fortune of people’s deep thoughts and beliefs. It is possible to pursue the traces of the curses in people’s lifestyle. For instance, to wash the dead, it was putting it on the bed. Atash be gur gereftan refers to the history of parents disinheriting his/her child and the tomb of a young catching fire in the era of the Prophet considered as a curse. As well as a religious discussion, this question has a social aspect. On the other hand, orisons often stem from the religious beliefs of the people. Some of these orisons and admirations are also used nowadays including “Khane –at abad” and some others are already outdated like? In Mozde Kafshe Shoma. One must keep in mind that illness and death have been prevalent in the past and that these orisons are often a kind of wish for the health of the audience. Orisons like Bala gardanat shavam comes from the common beliefs of the people and is often a means or an orison that causes someone to avoid evil. Oaths are in the name of God, prophets, religions, celestial books, religious figures or beautiful manifestations of nature to the dignity and power of kings and elders of national mythology which are sometimes humoristic. There are many threats and rodomontade in the legendary battle scenes. One of the linguistic and structural elements of Áyyār stories is their iterative and templatic propositions which give a certain meaning and are often a structural tool for temporal and spatial differentiation. Templatic propositions are initial, middle and final. Initial propositions are devoted to the opening of a story where the narrator’s name is inserted, or a narrator is described with features such as the scholar,  competent, philosopher,  Mobed, engineer and the peasant, with beautiful poetic phrases and figures of imagery, in particular Saj ‘. Sometimes the story begins with the Sâki-nâme. In these propositions, they are invited to hear or read a story, while those in the middle divide narrative plans and final proposals making a happy wish for the listener and the reader. The allusions of folk myths can be divided into two categories known as familiar and complex: Familiar and complex ones and those which are rarely used today. The treasure of these myths is one of the main sources of study making us familiar with the spirit, language and thoughts of our ancestors. The application of these proverbs will make the space of history delicate and bring it closer to everyday conversations. Existing examples can be categorized into four general categories in a thematic context: -            A) The world and the fortune: The world is full of joy and sorrow, bitter and sweet, never faithful to anyone, it must spend our time in joy, we must not disobey the world. -            B) Social issues: The wealth solves most problems. Dervish is always facing diverse calamities. The characters such as acceleration, ignorance, lying, frivolity, and irreverence, desire for shamelessness, tragedy, laziness, boredom, greed and selfishness are seen as disrespectful and humiliating behavior. Unlike some ancient prose texts, unfortunately, in these proverbs there are also the series of patriarchal and anti-feminist ideas, and women are associated with disapproved and of course disoriented features like: The evil, discloser, unfruitful, idiot, housebound, techy, credulous, malicious, tricky, coward and ignorant. -            C) Politics and government: Government is a blessing and a pleasant opportunity, and even if it is short-lived, it is sweet and desirable. In some respects, one can see the emphasis on adherence to principles and meritocracy. -            D) Ethical advice: some of the axioms invite to caution and conservatism. To be moderate in all affairs is the condition of the reason, and people have been discouraged from extremism. Some others encourage the people to avoid laziness and total obedience and to be graceful of everyday life unique opportunities. Rhetoric has the attributes such as: bold, soft, warm, gentle, thoughtful and polite, perfect, immanent and relevant to public knowledge and understanding. With such a statement, one can benefit from the penetrating speech.    }, Keywords = {Linguistic Stereotypes,Persian classic folk Texts,Idioms}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {53-78}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5800-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5800-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Pishghadam, Reza and FirooziyanPourEsfahani, Ai}, title = {Introducing Emotioncy as an Effective Tool for the Acceptance of Persian Neologisms}, abstract ={Creating and approving official Persian equivalents for the foreign words in Persian language is of great importance, which is considered to be done by the Persian Language Academy. Neologisms or newly-coined words are the inventions produced by language planners, which are supposed to replace the loan words. But these new words usually cannot have the opportunity to be entered into the active vocabularies of a significant portion of the native speakers of the Persian language. In this regard, we have proposed emotioncy as a tool for the acceptance of neologisms. Emotioncy, which is a blend of ‘emotion’ and ‘frequency’, refers to sense-induced emotions. In fact, it deals with the ways (e.g., visually or kinesthetically) individuals experience the world, which can affect and shape their mindsets. Considering this newly-developed concept of‘emotioncy” and its components (emotion, sense, and frequency), the present study intends to introduce this concept as a new tool to examine the problems of accepting neologisms. To be more specific, the present study aims to address the following research question: What strategies can be adopted by the Persian Language Academy in order to increase and decrease the emotioncy levels of words? Regarding this goal, a number of strategies were proposed in order to increase the emotioncy levels of neologisms (positivising emotions, enriching senses, and increasing frequency) and decrease the emotioncy levels of the loan words (negativizing emotions, depriving senses, and lowering frequency). It is our belief that these strategies can be implemented by the Persian Language Academy to popularize Persian neologisms. In the end, a number of implications were proposed and some suggestions were made for further studies.}, Keywords = {Persian Language Academy,Emotioncy,Emotioncy replacement,Emotionalization,Deemotionalization}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {79-105}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6452-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6452-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Zare-ee, Abbas and Khalili, Tahmineh}, title = {A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Genre-Based Writing Instruction in English as Foreign Language}, abstract ={ One of the recent developments in the teaching of writing to second language learners is the genre-based approach which follows the more traditional product- and process-based approaches.   Experimental and quasi-experimental studies on the effects of genre-based instruction (GBI) on writing in English as a foreign language (EFL) have been frequently reported in the last few decades. Findings of these studies are inconclusive and inconsistent. Past research indicates that different populations of language learners may benefit differently from this type of instruction. The present meta-analytic study followed two purposes: a) to explore the average effect of GBI on EFL writing based on both experimental and quasi-experimental studies of the past 26 years and b) to investigate how the variables of writing task type, educational level, and first language possibly moderate the effect of GBI on EFL writing. Four research questions were addressed: a) what is the average effect size of studies on GBI in EFL writing? b) Do EFL writers at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels benefit differently from GBI? C) Does GBI affect different task differently?, and d) Do speakers of different mother tongues benefit differently from GBI? In this meta-analysis, a total number of 255 studies thoroughly searched and collected from various academic websites constituted the original population of studies intended for analysis. Based on careful exclusion and inclusion criteria, 26 (quasi)experimental studies providing 28 effect sizes were included as the final sample. The studies were coded for effect size data and moderator variable indices. The analyses were performed using CMA software. The results of the analyses showed that (1) GBI has a small average effect on EFL writing (Cohen’s d= 0.298); (2) GBI significantly more effective for primary level participants; (3) GBI produced different effects for different task types producing significantly higher effects for paragraph writing, (4) GBI was significantly more effective for learners whose first language was Japanese. The findings of this study can be considered as beneficial issue for both pedagogical and research purposes. The results imply that EFL writing instructors should consider possible moderating variables when choosing their method of writing instruction.}, Keywords = {Meta-analysis,EFL writing,Genre,Genre-based Instruction}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {107-137}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-7799-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-7799-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Zaeri, A. and Aghagolzadeh, Ferdows and Ameri, H.}, title = {Description and Analysis of Lawyer’s Linguistic and Meta Linguistic Procedures to Persuade the Judge in Public Courts of Iran: Criminal Court Discourse Analysis}, abstract ={The present paper benefit from an analytical descriptive research methodology conducted in field method with the purpose of examining linguistics competence and its pragmatic approaches application in forensic linguistics discourse in order to assess various persuasion techniques used by lawyers in penal courts of Iran to persuade judges. The data of the research gathered from20 open sessions of Shiraz city court rooms which contains 2112 sentences altogether which 654 sentences belonging to lawyers, 351 sentences to the judges, 987 to the accused and 120 sentences to the plaintiffs. In the present study .only the sentences used by the lawyers have been assessed in terms of verbal and non- verbal persuasion techniques analysis. Also the researcher has  been trying to answer the question :"How actors use verbal(syntax .semantics and pragmatics) and non-verbal methods  to achieve their goals and persuade each other .Findings of the study indicated that the lawyers employ verbal techniques such  as use of legal acts and pragmatics approaches  such as :exclusion ,inclusion ,nominalization , emphasis on  remorse, denial of  accused s offence and non-verbal methods in court room discourse in the realm of forensic linguistics.  }, Keywords = {Lawyer,Judge,Forensic discourse analysis,Pragmatics approaches,Persuasion,verbal techniques,Non-verbal techniques,Forensic linguistics}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {139-158}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1973-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1973-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {ATHARINIKAZM, Marzieh and Ahmadi, ُSohrab}, title = {Semiotic Analysis of Enunciation Methods in Yasn9 and 10}, abstract ={In this paper, we intend to study the enunciation characteristics in Yasns 9 and 10 of the Avesta. Yasns have three important chapters. Their language is one of the most featured and oldest parts of the Avesta. The Yasns are divided into 72 parts or Ha. One of the features of enunciation is the use of pronouns and verb endings as grammatical morphemes being differently applied. First-person singular, first person plural, third person plural etc. This change is constant and cause the conjunctive and disjunctive features (shifters) that contribute to meaning process. On the other hand, modal verbs such as want, Can, Must, etc play an important role in the production of meaning of the speech. The method used is the semiotics of the Paris school. The objective of this research is to show how meaning occurs and what are the modes of enunciation in Yasns 9 and 10 of the Avesta.}, Keywords = {Enunciation,Pronouns,modal verbs,Yasn 9 and 10}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {159-179}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6527-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6527-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Khoshsaligheh, Masood and Ameri, Saee}, title = {Translator’s Agency and Features of Non-professional Translation of Video Games (A Case Study of Uncharted 4: A Thief\'s End)}, abstract ={The presence of video games in Iran is an undeniable fact but it has received little academic attention in Persian translation studies and no local research has examined fan translation of video games. This qualitative research, therefore, set out to describe translation of video games into Persian from a non-professional translation lens. The study examined the translation and subtitling of cut-scenes in a fan-video recording of the game Uncharted 4: A Thief's End. These cut-scenes were non-professionally subtitled and uploaded on Aparat.com to share with other Persian-speaking gamers. Initially, the paper presents the key literature on game localization and describes the status quo video games in Iran and non-professional translation. In the next section, the collected data were presented and analyzed at two levels of macro and micro. The interview results of the macro-level revealed the subtitler’s background information, aims and motivations. At the micro-level, the non-professional Persian subtitles of a five-hour video recording were analyzed in terms of translator’s visibility and agency as well as technical and linguistic issues. The findings suggested that the aim of this novice subtitler for volunteering to render the cut-scenes into Persian was to improve his command of English language and to pursue his interest in gaming. In other words, he was seeking cultural in addition to symbolic capital. Other results suggested the visibility and presence of the subtitler in the translation through the frequent use of glosses and explanations. Analysis of the subtitles at textual and technical levels showed that in multiple cases the generally recommended regulations in terms of time and space related constraints were not respected and mistranslation of idioms was frequent. It is hoped that the present article would provide sufficient inspiration for further research on fan translation.      }, Keywords = {Video games,Localization,Non-professional translation,Subtitling,Translator’s agency,Translator’s visibility,Uncharted 4: A Thief's End}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {181-204}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6499-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6499-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {sarli, N.Gh. and bayat, H. and Adami, f.}, title = {Comparing the Standardization of Persian Language in Pre and Post Constitution Periods}, abstract ={Standardization of Language has two general forms: Sometimes a language comes to be standard language and maintains its standard status without direct and conscious involvement, influenced by various linguistic, cultural, social and political factors, and sometimes this process is fulfilled with some kind of planning and previous preparation. Usually these two forms of standardization are at work simultaneously. These forms, therefore, can be seen as different modes of standardization not types of it. In this paper, we attempt to explain various aspects of planned standardization of Persian in contemporary period, comparing the standardization of Persian in pre and post Constitution periods. The main objective is to clarify conscious aspects of the standardization of Persian language in contemporary period in light of comparative study of pre and post Constitution periods, and to provide the ground for criticizing planning for standardization of Persian language in contemporary period. The comparison of these two periods is accompanied with an overview of the historical, social and cultural background, and is based on Haugen’s theory of language standardization and language planning phases. The standardization of Persian language in pre-Mashrute period, although sometimes has planned aspects, and some related activities accompany with linguistic, social and cultural insights, in general is considered natural standardization; therefore the process is not ruled by planned mode of standardization. Post Constitution period is the period of planned standardization; although some planned activities were failed, and some natural processes maintain Persian language in standard status. This paper has adopted a macro view and is based upon the theories of sociolinguistics and sociology of language.    }, Keywords = {Persian language,Standard language,Language standardization,Language planning,Constitution period}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {205-234}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8218-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8218-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Mahmoodi, S.}, title = {Sonority-Driven Phonological Processes in Turkic Languages}, abstract ={Sonority determines the legal syllable structure of a language and triggers applying some phonological processes in order to retain the appropriate syllable pattern. All Turkic languages exhibit five different strategies/consonant cluster processes (metathesis, weakening, degemination, deletion and epenthesis) which are sonority-driven and arise through the interaction of markedness and faithfulness constraints. By considering a full range of data from Azeri and Turkish languages within the framework of optimality theoretic phonology we found that high ranking sonority constraints such as syllable contact law, sonority sequence principle, and sonority angle affect the clusters of loanwords and native words through different phonological processes. In fact these various phonological processes are used to improve syllable structure and save a segment from deletion. While in these languages words can end in two consonants, glide/liquid-nasal and glide-liquid sequences in spite of having rising sonority are not possible. Although coda sonorants may not be broken by a vowel epenthesis due to an OCP effect because /r/-obstruent and /n/-obstruent (ʣ) sequences are also not preferred in casual speech. In this paper, in the light of evidence from Turkic languages, issues like inserting and omitting of vowel within the rising sonority medial clusters, Prothesis and Anaptyxis in onset clusters, vowel epenthesis in rising and falling sonority final clusters, and consonant deletion in pre-consonantal coda position are considered within the framework of optimality theoretic phonology to show that the motivation for vowel insertion in word initial consonant clusters is to observe *Complexons, the epenthesis site (within the cluster or at the word-edge) is determined by the high ranking sonority constraints And also to show that the sonority advantage of a glide or a liquid over a nasal is insufficient to override Dep-Io. So what triggers the variable behavior of Turkish, Lebanese Arabic, Irish, Chaha, Catalan clusters is the Sonority Angel formed by the contours /CC/ and [CV]. Finally we observe that homorganic clusters are perceptually marked. That is a consonant which has few feature distinguishing it in place or manner from a preceding consonant is perceptually indistinct and is less suitable than a more contrastive consonant for maintaining lexical contrasts. Moreover we have to note that In Azeri the occurrence of coda-onset sequences across a syllable boundary subjects to the Syllable Contact Law (the optimal intervocalic consonant cluster is the one that terminates the first syllable with high sonority and starts the next syllable with low sonority). Thus Azeri applies some strategies to optimize the syllable contact. All clusters violating syllable contact are reordered, and broken up by epenthesis. Metathesis which can be explained in terms of phonological system rather than phonetical system is regular and productive in the language in question and links synchronic studies to diachronic ones.}, Keywords = {Consonant clusters,Sonority angel,Epenthesis,Deletion,Azeri,Optimality theory}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {235-268}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8393-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8393-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Zargarbalayejam&#039;, Shima and Mirdehghan, Mahinnaz}, title = {Comparative Study of Word order in Azeri and Persian Languages Based on Hawkins\' Typology Approach}, abstract ={Typology of language is 250year old. It is a systematic study of variations among languages and the presupposition of this definition is to consider some general principles governing language diversities (Comrie, 2001: quoted by Dabir-moghaddam). Word order is one of the integrated fields in determining differences and similarities in typology. Hawkins is one of the eminent linguists who has been the most influential figures of this branch specially word order. In addition to his vast knowledge in Generative Grammar, he had presented principles and universals related to word order (Hawkins, 1983:10). Dialectical studies have expanded greatly over the recent decades in Iran so that many linguists and typologists began to record and study the Iranian languages and dialects, they carried out many studies in the field of different dialects. The purpose of this study is to introduce Hawkins' theories, principles and universals related to word order, besides comparative analysis of word order between Azeri and standard Persian. This study was performed based on practical researches, theoretical framework and data collected through questionnaire in the analytic-descriptive method, also its conclusions prove the identity of Hawkins' some approaches on these two languages as well as verifying the similarities and differences about word order.                                                   }, Keywords = {Standard Persian,Key words: Word order,Azeri,Typology,Hawkins' approach}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {269-292}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11212-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11212-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {akbarizade, fateme and mohases, marzieh}, title = {The Study of Sign-Semantics in Missionary Discourse of Musa (AS)}, abstract ={The discourse of Quran is a multi-layered one and through meaning based methods one can clarify the value processing of meaning, its functional aspect and the influence of text. In this regard discursive sign-semantics approach through reading out the fluid systems of the text along with the formatting the superstructure tries to indicate the function, production and reception of the meaning in discursive systems. The present article by the use of tension model studies the sixty initial verses of Surah Shu'araa which narrates the missionary discourse of Musa (AS) to modelize and tranquil the Prophet (PUBH). The tensive atmosphere available in the discourse of verses includes the discursive systems and though fluctuating semantic boundaries forms the fluid process of meaning through the interaction with emotional and cognitive aspects. The discourse of verses is interactive and due to the presence of sensory perception and Shushi is in unstable and unexpected condition so that in the conflict of parties with the connection and disconnection in speaker space as well as aesthetic miraculous event, discourse goes to the discourse analyzing proses i.e. lordship, to shape within aesthetic aspects beyond the advertising competence and performance.    }, Keywords = {Quran,Discourse,Sign-Semantics analyze,tensive model,Musa (AS)}, volume = {8}, Number = {5}, pages = {293-318}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2356-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2356-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {ArabYousefabadi, F.}, title = {Critical Discourse Analysis of Hallaj’s Writings Based on Laclau and Mouffe Discourse Pattern}, abstract ={Given the difference between doctrine-based and sharia-based discourses at the time of Hallaj, the present study seeks to adopt a descriptive-analytical approach for critical discourse analysis of Persian and Arabic writings of Hallaj based on the model of Laclau and Mouffe. The main objective of this study is to introduce the discourse of Hallaj as the representative of a discourse arisen from social stratum of mystics. The purpose is to unravel the discourses underlying the writings of Hallaj as well as the signifiers that such discourses struggle over their definition. Results suggest that unlike the Sharia-based discourse of that time, the doctrine-based discourse of Hallaj intended to attribute a different set of the signified to the non-fixed signifiers of "man" and "devil", as a way of deconstructing their domination and subsequently the entire discourse. To demonstrate the unity of man with God, Hallaj used the famous phrase, "Ana al-Haq" that deconstructed the central sharia-based discourse and its semantic system. This signified substituted the "Ana al-Abd" concept characterizing the discourse of dogmatists. Through deconstructing the laws of Islam and unraveling divine secrets, he marginalized the sharia-based discourse at the expense of glorifying and foregrounding his own discourse.    }, Keywords = {Keywords: Critical discourse analysis؛ Hallaj’s writings؛ Laclau and Mouffe؛ Central signifier؛ Floating signifier}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {1-21}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9259-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9259-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khatibi, Mohammad Mehdi and AlaviMoghaddam, Mehyar}, title = {Investigating the Textual Meta-Functional Themes in Ruzbihan Baqli’s Abhar al-Asheqin}, abstract ={In Systemic-Functional linguistics, language is a system of meanings along with forms through them, meanings are recognized. In Halliday's Systemic-Functional linguistics, beside the Experiential and Interpersonal meta function, which are based on the experiences and expressing interpersonal relationships, there is another semantic component, called textual meta function, which is in complementary distribution with the basic meta functions. In this meta-function, the chains and sequences in discourse are formed and as the words go forth, the continuity of the speech flow is also organized. Language makes a communication between itself and the texture and according the context and its specific characteristics, create the text. The present study makes an attempt to analyze and consider the linguistic features of Ruzbehan Baqli in one of his books, Abhar al-Asheqin,based on the textual meta function of language to discover semantic system of the text and the manner it establishes the relationship with the readers. To this end, some parts of this book were selected to find out what kinds of themes are used by the writer to keep the text coherent and what kinds of the themes helped him adhere to the principles and rules of Persian grammar and the order of the grammatical components of sentences. Then, by determining the percentage of the themes and the frequency of them, it became clear that the percentage and the frequency of textual themes is more than interpersonal ones. It shows that coherence and harmony in Abhar al-Asheqin is high enough so that it makes the logical and semantic relation between the clauses in this book. While, the interpersonal theme shows attitude, emotion and judgment of the speaker in relation to the message. Using continuous, structural, and additional themes, play an important role in the conjunction of the words and the cohesion between the textures and the extension of the concept in the interconnected sections. Also, using experiential theme shows that the writer has focused on that specific part of the text.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Systemic-functional linguistics؛ Ruzbehan Baqli؛ Halliday؛ Textual meta function؛ Themes؛ Abhar al-Asheqin}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {23-54}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10412-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10412-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {sadeghi, V. and mahmoodi, S.}, title = {Syntax and Phonology Interface: Prosodic Account of Persian Extraposed Restrictive Relative Clauses}, abstract ={In an experimental study, we compared the prosodic contours of two sets of complex sentences containing a relative clause. In one set, a relative clause was in unmark position (head-RL order), in the other, the relative clause was extraposed to the end of the sentence after the main verb. Two intonational parameters (pitch range and peak alignment) were examined on all components of main and subordinate clauses. The finding revealed that in-situ relative clause lacked an F0 rise. while the extraposition  made the head noun a focal element showing a) a higher pitch than the same word in the unmarked condition; b) an earlier peak alignment with respect to segmental string as compared to the unmarked condition; c) the accentuation of post focal constituents. In addition, the post focal constituents are not necessarily deaccentuated by all speakers, some speakers tend to continue the rise and the preceding pitch accent up to the end of the main clause, and only de-accent the following extraposed relative clause. }, Keywords = {Keywords: Relative clause؛ Focus؛ Extraposition؛ Pitch range؛ Peak alignment}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {55-101}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5881-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5881-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Shiri, Masoumeh and Hejazi, Nosrat}, title = {Possible Application of Alexeeva’s Metaphorical Model in Terminology}, abstract ={Human being perceives phenomena by perceiving another series of phenomena, especially by using metaphors which enormously facilitate the comprehension of abstract concepts. While metaphors play an important role in generating science, language and even remodeling our way of thinking, there is hardly specific model for metaphors that can be used in scientific branches and particularly in terminologization. Building a model would not only be useful for word formation but also appears fruitful for terminologization in artificial intelligence and machine translation. The question which may be raised here is whether to know if it is possible to design a model which compiles both conceptual and lexical categories so that it represents a combination of platonic & Aristotelian perspectives and definitions longly addressed for metaphor. To answer the above mentioned questions; we have adopted Alexeeva’s metaphorical model which is in continuance with platonic perspectives on the subject and is in alignment with cognitive approaches. The hypothesis may be formulated as if Alexeeva’s model would be sufficient enough in creating new metaphors. Once we have briefly evoked the recent investigations about metaphor and have quickly revised its functional classifications, we analyze its pertinent illustrations in Persian corpus language and present our new model on the basis of cognitive sciences. We would finally see the possibility of terminologization in our new proposed model. The results of this investigation show that Alexeeva’s metaphorical model is not fully-fledged enough to be addressed in terminologization. However by altering and moderating some features of this model, we may redesign the sand hour glass model so that the concepts which are shaped in the 1st sphere is mapped via assimilation in the 2nd sphere, according to which a single term , may find two different extensions in their respective spheres. Although the term used in 2nd sphere is conceptually speaking similar to the 1st sphere, but the extensions of term in these two spheres are considerably different. As the extension of the term utilized in the 1st sphere is extended, the 2nd sphere has used the metaphor in a different sphere or context. Consequently, our proposed model is not merely projected in language, but the terms created inside it are nourished mutually by conceptual lexical realm. Therefore, in contrary to what it is stated by Alexeeva, metaphors are not exclusively lexically labelled, but they are also conceptually marked. We are finally convinced that according to the context that metaphors are utilized in, we could expect different extensions and appreciations of the terms.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Concept؛ Metaphor؛ Conceptual metaphors؛ Linguistic metaphors؛ Alexeeva’s metaphorical model}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {55-74}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-12373-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-12373-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rezapour, E. and Pishgoo, M.}, title = {The Functions of Derivational Prefixes of Semnani Light Verbs in Representation of Semantic Islands Based on Cognitive Approach: the Interface between Morphology and Semantics}, abstract ={Semnani is one of the genuine Iranian dialects which has many different features of ancient Iranian languages. The morphological system of Semnani language plays an important role in encoding and the representation of meaning. Light verbs of Semnani have various derivational prefixes. Each of these derivational prefixes has an important role in representation of meaning. The main questions of this research are: What are the functions of derivational prefixes in representing Semantic space of light verb constructions in Semnani language? Can derivational prefixes differentiate meaning in inner level of each light verb? What is the relationship between derivational prefixes and semantic islands of light verbs? The compound verbs in Semnani language have been made of two morphological mechanism, combination and incorporation. According to the semantic space of construction grammar, as a theoretical foundation of this research, and the study of semantic space in this theory, the researchers have investigated the textual corpuses which includes some books in Semnani language, the spoken text of 50 Semnani speakers and a glossary of Semnani dialect(Javaheri and PajumSharia’ti, 1387). They found that Semnani consists of 335 light verbs. It also shows that token frequency of light verbs Kerd-iyún, Hā-kerd-iyún, Vā-kerd-iyún, Bū-kkūwāt-iyún and B(e)-et-iyún in order are 989, 433, 139, 312 and 229 items. So, the most productive light verb is Kerd-iyún. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and corpus-based that consists of the glossary of Semnani dialect (Javaheri and PajumSharia’ti, 1387), the book Semani Vaja, authored by Khalesi (1388), Peke Poor written by Andalib Semnani(1388), Learning Semnani Dialect authored by Pajum Sharia’ti and Khalesi (1392) and the spoken texts of 50 Semnani speakers. Compound verbs that included Kerd-iyún, Bū-kkūwāt-iyún and B(e)-et-iyún have been extracted. No verbal items in compound verbs play a vital role in the formation of semantic space of light verbs. The result shows that compound verbs in Semnani language have special structures which consist of a non-verbal part and a light verb. Each light verb in this language has a derivational prefix. Every formal change in the structure would cause a change in the meaning. So, in Semnani language a change in derivational prefix of compound verbs would be followed by a change in the meaning of light verbs. As a result a derivational prefix in a light verb is a variant and the formation of a semantic island is in the hand of this prefix. The result also shows that derivational prefixes in Semnani light verbs indicate the semantic difference in each of light verbs and there is a direct relation between the semantic island of light verbs and derivational prefixes. In other words, each of derivational prefixes of light verbs indicates a special semantic island in the semantic space of each of light verbs. Indeed, there is a direct relation between the morphology and semantics in Semnani language. The main purpose of present research is to investigate the functions of derivational prefixes of light verbs such as Kerdiyn, Betiyn and Bukkuwatiyun in Semnani language.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Semnani Language؛ Light Verb؛ Derivational Prefixes؛ Semantic Space؛ Semantic Island؛ morphology؛ Semantics}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {103-136}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3449-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3449-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Yaghoubinezhad, Hadi and Moinzade, Ahmad and Barati, Hossei}, title = {An Interactive and Dynamic Perspective of L2 Motivation while Performing Tasks over Different Timescales}, abstract ={Motivation for learning a new language does not have an all-or-none impact. It is gradually formed and fluctuated over time and on each timescale has varying levels of influence on a person’s endeavor to learn a language. At the present time, scholars claim that throughout the Second Language Development (SLD) different timescales interact with each other and this interaction is nonlinear, complex and dynamic in nature (de Bot, 2015). The present study attempted to investigate the motivational dynamics of a group of language learners in longer timescales composed of a number of tasks performed on shorter timescales. Moreover, it scrutinized the participants’ potential attribution for the variation in their motivational intensity. Ten participants were interviewed at the onset, while performing tasks and at the end of the course to better picture the interplay of different motivational themes over time. The findings confirmed temporal variation in participants’ motivation. Moreover, the data revealed the fact that motivational themes were not equally effective over the course and during task performance. External incentives and desired L2 proficiency as two major initial motivational factors, for instance, were gradually replaced by internal incentives and L2 learning enjoyment over the semester. However, personal pursuits in L2 learning were equally influential over these timescales. Moreover, L2 future image and positive feelings towards L2 speakers were the least referred factors over all the timescales. Gender and culture-specificity of some of the motivational themes was another finding of this study. As for the attributions behind their motivation, the participants referred to reasons such as parents’ pressure, passion for pursuing personal goals, the kind of tasks, the harmony between their character type and the task type, and gaining more experience through the course.  In sum, participants’ motivation was composed of a web of interrelated and dynamic factors which varied over different timescales. Finally, some implications were driven from the findings of the study.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Motivation؛ Timescales؛ Second Language Development؛ Dynamic؛ Complex}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {137-160}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5882-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5882-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Atai, Mahmood Reza and Iranmehr, Abutaleb and Babaii, Esmat}, title = {A Critical Evaluation of EAP programs in Iran: Document Analysis and Authorities/Policy-makers’ Perspectives}, abstract ={This study aimed to examine the policies in the Iranian English for Academic Purposes (EAP) education and the extent to which objectives match the policies and are materialized through pedagogical practices implemented. To this end, EAP course descriptions developed by macropolicy-making level were evaluated through document analysis and triangulated with the authorities’ perspectives through interviews to see the degree of conformity between policy and practice. Seven policy areas in Kaplan and Baldauf’s (٢٠٠٥) language-in-education planning (LEP) were chosen as the theoretical framework of the study. Based on EAP document analysis and interviews with the authorities, the similarities and discrepancies in micro and macro levels were clarified. The results showed that EAP course descriptions do not include any comment on some policy areas, and there were discrepancies in policy and practice due to such factors as lack of communication channel between the EAP stakeholders and policy-makers. Finally, the study revealed that due to deficiencies in both policy and practice and in order to reach an acceptable status, EAP programs are in dire need for reconceptualizing policy-making and practice.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: LEP؛ Authorities؛ EAP documents؛ Policy and practice}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {161-189}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9826-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9826-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Bolouri, Mazdak}, title = {Translators’ Agency in Footnotes and Notes of Contemporary Iranian Literary Translators}, abstract ={The present study examined the translator’s agency on the basis of footnotes and notes written by contemporary Iranian literary translators. The purpose, in the first place, was to classify the content of the footnotes and notes, to find the reasons behind footnote writing, and to reveal patterns of annotation; attempts were then made to analyze the translator’s agency – i.e. their everyday work, activities, roles, as well as their own perception of their duties – on the basis of the data gathered in the first phase. The study, thus, proceeded to answer the following questions: 1) How can the content of the footnotes and notes by contemporary Iranian literary translators be classified? 2) What can be learned about the distribution and abundance of footnotes and the reasons behind footnote and note writing? And 3) How can one analyze literary translators’ agency on the basis of the collected data? Based on the findings of other studies (e.g. Paloposki, 2010), the following hypothesis was stated: the main reason behind footnote writing by Iranian literary translators is to explain the unknown aspects of the source culture to the target language reader and this turns the literary translator into an agent of intercultural communication. To answer the research questions, the footnotes and notes in 24 literary books translated and published recently in Iran were gathered and analyzed based on the model presented by Paloposki (2010). Meanwhile the publishers of the books were interviewed to make sure that the footnotes and notes were written by the translators and not by a different agent. The results showed that the content of the footnotes could be classified into two general groups: 1) explanations on the source language, culture, society and literature, 2) explanations concerning the translation of the work. A large number of footnotes and notes were found in the books examined in the study; on average, there were 2.95 notes on each page and 97.41 notes in each book. This large number of footnotes and notes can be explained with regard to the type of literature analyzed; as the books examined here were all examples of serious, canonized literature in their source cultures, the translators seemed to have strongly felt the need to include their footnotes to explain the unknown aspects of those cultures to the reader and to make the reading of the work an easier experience. The distribution and abundance of the footnotes and notes were very uneven; the number of footnotes and notes in books translated from Western languages (i.e. English, Spanish, Italian, French, German) was considerably larger than the notes found in books translated from Arabic. This can be justified on the basis of the cultural differences between the Iranian and Western cultures on the one hand, and the cultural similarities between the Iranian and Arabic cultures on the other; the translators of the Arabic books seemed to have mostly felt no need to write footnotes on cultural or religious events, since they felt that the reader was already familiar with such facts; on the contrary, the translators of the Anglo-American books sensed more cultural, social and religious differences between the source and target cultures, so they seemed to have provided more explanations in the form of footnotes and notes. The most important reasons behind footnote writing were the need to fill the cultural gap between the source and target societies as well as a willingness to help readers better understand the text and a tendency to justify the translators’ decisions and choices. The translators played the role of a bridge between cultures, a facilitator of intercultural communication, a critic, a teacher and a guide in different situations. The study showed that translators see literary translation as an activity which consists in attempts to explain different aspects of the texts in the form of footnotes and notes and consider their explanations as necessary to the understanding of the readers.}, Keywords = {Key words: Agency؛ Para textual elements؛ Footnote؛ Translator’s note؛ Literary translation}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {191-214}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6415-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6415-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad and Aghagolzadeh, Ferdows and KordZaferanlouKambouzia, Aliyeh and Golfam, Arsal}, title = {Ru and Āberu ;Two Aspects of Face in the Iranian Culture: An Ethnographic Study in Pragmatics}, abstract ={  About half a century of research on im/politeness has resulted in calls, on the one hand, to separate face and im/politeness research, at least at the beginning, and, on the other hand, to redefine them on the basis of their emic understandings by ordinary people (Eelen, 2001; Bargiela-Chiappini, 2003; Haugh, 2009; 2013b; Arundale, 2006, 2009; Kádár and Haugh, 2013). This paper is an attempt to respond to this call and aims to study the emic concept of face among the Persian speaking people in the Iranian culture. Taking an ethnographic approach, it investigates the uses of the lexeme ru (‘face, front part of head’) in Persian and compares them with the uses of āberu (lit. ‘water-of-face’). The data are collected by observing the uses of ru and its idiomatic expressions and collocations (174 tokens of 32 expressions) in daily conversations and Internet searches and are analyzed within their contexts of use and with regard to the researchers' cultural insider knowledge. Ru expressions are divided into four groups according to their meaning: (i) ru (na)shodan (lit. 'face (not) become'), i.e. to have (no) face to do, or not to do, something, (ii) porruyi (lit. 'full-facedness') and rudāri ('to have face'), i.e., cheekiness, (iii) ru zadan/andākhtan (lit. 'to hit/throw one's face') i.e., to make a request and ru zamin zadan/andākhtan (lit. 'hit/throw someone's face on the ground') i.e., to reject someone's request, and (iv) be ru āvardan (lit. 'to bring to face'), i.e., confront someone. It is demonstrated that, unlike āberu which is a metaphor for the positive social image of an individual or group (Hosseini et al., forthcoming), ru is a metonym for the negatively evaluated image of an individual. However, both āberu and ru are assessed according to an individual’s perceived compliance with the norms of the moral order (Garfinkel, 1967), including one's moral integrity and show of competence, relative to one's sha'n or perceived social status. It is concluded that face in the Iranian culture consists of two opposing sides: āberu is the public and positive image of self (Goffman, 1967) and group(s) a person is associated with and is closely connected to one’s feeling of competence, perceived social status and the preservation of the distinction between the two realms of inside (bāten/andarun) and outside (zāher/birun) (Beeman, 1986); ru constitutes the private and personal self of the person, which is negative and, probably, because of Sufi teachings and thanks to centuries of life under totalitarian regimes, should be suppressed and kept hidden. The results also indicate that some of the commonest uses of ru suggest the abnegation of self, disguised as positive cultural values of shekaste-nafsi (Sharifian, 2005) and forutani (roughly, ‘modesty’) and sharm (‘shame’). The paper also shows that ru and āberu expressions serve to save or threaten face but not in the way predicted by Brown and Levinson (1987): ru and āberu and their idiomatic expressions are not linguistic strategies; rather, they invoke the moral order behind im/politeness evaluations expressed with different linguistic strategies in different contexts.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Ru؛ Aberu؛ Face؛ Abnegation of self؛ Iranian culture}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {215-246}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10359-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10359-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {doori, N. and nikkhoo, A. and farashahi, Y.}, title = {Narrative Analysis of Two Short Stories: “To Whom I Say Hello” by Simin Daneshvar and “Zane Ziadi” by Jalal-e- Al Ahmad}, abstract ={The concept of narration, with a background as long as the human’s history, has already provided a suitable area for critics’ analysis and assumptions about tales, stories and other types and forms of narration in the form of Narrative Science. In this paper we are going to analyze and compare the application of narrative view and focus in two short stories of “To Whom I Say Hell?” by Simin Daneshvar and “Zane-Ziadi ” by Jalal Al Ahmad via investigating the structure of the language at the first place on the basis of linguistic features and narrative viewpoints. Accordingly, the current study tries to answer the following questions: How the applied language in the above mentioned works can be affective in forming the role of the narrator and finally, the focus? Have these traits and features been leading us to the same type of narrator and focus features in order to clarify the typology of the story? Have the narrative discourse and prevailing viewpoint and the resulting context in both stories led us to the same hidden author? But in this respect, linguistic and narrative mechanisms of both stories alongside the different types of writers based on their gender and engagement pave the way to better compare both stories according to their viewpoint. To this end, and according to linguistic and narrative patterns, the following results were obtained in two levels of parts of speech and syntax of discourse. Contrary to “Zane Ziadi”, “To whom I say hello?” benefits from present tense verbs, the lack of negative modality at the level of parts of speech, first person protagonist viewpoint, internal focalization and discontinuous discourse procedure which make Daneshvar’s discourse more successful in internal focalization at the level of discourse syntax, while in “To whom I say hello?” , the use of past and perfect tense verbs , negative modality with high frequency , rhetorical questions and heavy sentences with logical chain of argument make the distance between both stories. Here, it is easily possible to hear the voice of Ale- Ahmad behind the voice of woman’s narrator which seems negative and external in comparison with writer’s internal focalization. Hence, the presence of two internal and external narrators, has led to the emergence of hidden author and dominant discourse in this story.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Narrative viewpoint؛ Linguistics of narration؛ Narrative typology؛ to whom I say hello؛ Zane Ziadi}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {247-271}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1276-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1276-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {fazaeli, S.M. and Aminyazdi, S.A. and sharifi, Sh and sobhanid, S and ehsaeemr, M.R.}, title = {Appraisal of Paralinguistic behaviors in Individuals with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Healthy Counterparts}, abstract ={Traumatic Brian Injury (TBI) is one of the types of the acquired brain injury. Individuals with (TBI) are often impaired in social communication skills. Impairment in paralinguistic behaviors is one of the manifestations of failure in the social communication which adversely impacts on relationship among persons with TBI to others. Regarding the importance of paralinguistic behaviors and lack of the research in this regard in Iranian patients with TBI, the aim of this cross-sectional research was to compare these behaviors in spontaneous interaction with 4 men adults with severe TBI and 4 healthy adult men. The research questions were: How are the patients and healthy groups᾽ performances in total of paralinguistic behaviors? How are the patients and healthy groups᾽ performances in each of paralinguistic behaviors; that is, intelligibility, pitch, prosody, vocal intense, and speech fluency? The research hypotheses were: There is a significant difference between two groups in total of paralinguistic behaviors. There is a significant difference between two groups in intelligibility, pitch, prosody, vocal intense, and speech fluency. The TBI patients and healthy groups were matched on age and education years. Data analysis using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test indicated that there was a significant difference between the patient and healthy groups in total of the paralinguistic behaviors regardless of the type of behavior (p < 0.05). Considering each of paralinguistic behaviors, there was a significant difference between two groups in voice intensity, pitch, and prosody (p < 0.05), and there was not a significant difference between two groups on intelligibility and speech fluency (p > 0.05). However, in these two paralinguistic behaviors, mean scores' patients was lower than mean scores᾽ healthy individuals. The overall conclusion was that paralinguistic behaviors were impaired in individuals with severe TBI. Therefore, it is necessary to be noticed to paralinguistic aspect of communication in TBI people alongside the other behavioral, emotional, and linguistic aspects. Accordingly, it should be pathologized these behaviors in them and then, be rehabilitated.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Severe traumatic brain injury؛ Communication؛ Paralinguistic behaviors}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {273-299}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10455-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10455-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Kanaani, E.}, title = {The Analysis of Discourse Resistance System in Moniru Ravanipor’s Ahle Ghargh}, abstract ={Discourse resistance is one of the important functions which can provide the required space for the growth and transcendence of discourse. Resistance negates affirmative and stabilized status so that new perspective be provided for the discourse movement. This perspective with the help of discourse practice paves the way for the transcendental presence of the actors. In such circumstances, discourse actions also find the possibility of movement, change, and birth. Resistance re-defines the power of discourse and leads to its modification, stabilization, or intensification. Resistance is the important function of discourse. In this novel, different aspects of resistance are represented and the realms of discourse put various energies to the flow of discourse by influencing on each other. In this paper, various types of resistance are analyzed in The Drowned and their characteristics are examined accordingly. The main question is what are the most important types of resistance in The Drowned and what characteristics and functions do these types? Furthermore, what features and elements do the realms of discourse in this novel in order to create resistance? For this purpose, the present paper aims to analyze the resistive features of discourse from the perspective of semiotics to explain the formation conditions and transcendence of signification. This study shows that, there are many types of resistance such as mythical, transcendental, phenomenological, and resistance related to tension and identity. It shows that the realms of discourse are constantly re-assigned depending on the strength and energy injected into them.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Resistance and practice؛ Discourse؛ Semiotics؛ Ahle Qarq؛ Moniru Ravanipor}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {301-326}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4466-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4466-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {KarimiFirouzJaei, Ali}, title = {Exploring the Narrative Status of Horse in Chinese, Japanese and Iranian Civilizations, from the View point of Semiotics of Discourse}, abstract ={Narrative structures and elements are main fields to express and reflect the cultural underlying structure of civilizations and recreation of such underlying structure in the form of narrations counts as the important elements of linguistics and semiotics. These narrations, reflect different social and cultural status and express the human thoughts and experiences. So, exploring such narrations is considered a method to access dominant discourse of every society and explain its hidden thoughts. Many narratives include stories and pictures of animals which have had human position in the past and have changed the border between human and animal. Horse had been the subject of mythical narrations in different nations due to its unique specifications such as intelligence, adroit, loyalty and chastity. By adopting the theoretical framework of semiotics of discourse, this research tries to study the status and role of horse in civilizations of China, Japan and Iran to show what structures or process on the basis of horse mythical function are formed and how horse functions in forming and developing these narrations. Narrative analysis of  the texts either abstract or concrete shows that there is a kind of semiotic fluctuation which changes horse from an animal and terrestrial creature to an enhanced and holy creature and implicates that how narrations relying on horse as mythical creature and enunciation function of horse are influenced by these fluctuations. The main aim of this research was to study discourse systems on the basis of horse narration function in Chinese, Japanese and Iranian civilizations to answer this question that how and on the basis of which criteria it can be accounted for better understand its status in improving physical and spiritual competence. Accordingly, this study presented at first the review of related literature alongside the investigation of the actional and stative system of the subject.Finally the results showed different kind of horses with diverse axiological features . Furthermore findings of the current study included two different economical and ethical aspects.    }, Keywords = {Keywords: Semiotics of Discourse,Action and State,Myth,Horse,Civilizations}, volume = {8}, Number = {6}, pages = {327-351}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11085-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-11085-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Jam, Bashir}, title = {Analysis of Phonological Opacity in Persian}, abstract ={Phonological opacity has always been the subject of much debate in generative phonology, particularly after the emergence of Optimality Theory (OT). According to Antila (2006) Opacity arises when a phonological process applies even if its conditioning environment is not met on the surface (overapplication), or conversely, fails to apply even if its conditioning environment is met on the surface (underapplication). Counterfeeding and counterbleeding interactions cause opacity. It may also be caused by a feeding interaction. Opacity is a challenge for optimality theory which denies phonological rules and intermediate levels between the underlying representation and the phonetic representation. While rule-based approaches that consider intermediate levels have no problem dealing with opacity. This research aimed at introducing opacity, arguing for the existence of Counterfeeding and counterbleeding interactions in Persian, arguing for the opacity of a feeding interaction in Persian, and finally analyzing these opaque interactions within the frameworks of classic Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/ 2004) and/ or Harmonic serialism (McCarthy, 2000). In order to identify the phonological processes, the data were carefully analyzed according to various phonological environments. Then, these environments were analyzed to determine the constraints involved in each opaque interaction. In this paper, first, the existence of a counterfeeding interaction in the conversion of the underlying representation /bA# am/ to the phonetic representation [bAm] (not to *[bum]) was discussed. This opaque interaction was analyzed within classic OT using enriched positional faithfulness constraint IDENT(low)/#  which causes *[bum] to lose and [bAm] to win. Moreover, the counterbleeding interaction in the occurrence of “nasal place assimilation” between the palatal consonant /Š/ and /n/, and the consequent deletion of /Š/ (the source of assimilation) was discussed. This opaque interaction was analyzed within the framework of Harmonic Serialism by formalizing the markedness constraint Cσ*NP].  Finally, it was argued that the conversion of the underlying /-id/ to [-in] is due to the insertion of [n] between /i/ and /d/, and the consequent deletion of /d/. After arguing why this feeding interaction is considered opaque, it was analyzed within the framework of Harmonic Serialism by formalizing two markedness constraints *idCL and*nd].     }, Keywords = {Key words: Phonological opacity؛ Feeding interaction؛ Counterfeeding interaction؛ Counterbleeding interaction؛ Harmonic serialism}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {1-27}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-7662-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-7662-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Special Letter License}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {1-1}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10076-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10076-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {DabirMoghadam, M. and Maleki, S.}, title = {The Study of Total Reduplication Process in Persian Language: A Research Based on Morphological Doubling Theory}, abstract ={Reduplication is a morphological process that is one of the most debatable linguistic issues being studied by various languages and many theories in different ways. Reduplication structurally divided into two parts: total reduplication and partial reduplication. In total reduplication a construction (a word or syntactic phrase) is repeated, but in partial reduplication some part of  base is repeated (Shaghaghi, 2000:525,528).The current study tries to deal with total reduplication in Persian language based on Heidarpour’s classifying (2011) which included three categories: total improper reduplication, total proper reduplication and total echoic reduplication in terms of morphological reduplication theory. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical. The aim of this study is to determine whether the morphological reduplication is more useful and efficient or phonological copying and to explore how extent total reduplication is explainable based on patterns of morphological reduplication theory. With respect to the previous studies, it is assumed that total reduplication is analyzable based on morphological reduplication theory. There are two approaches in reduplication process: phonological copying and morphological reduplication. The first was defined by Marantz (1982) that essentially is a phonological process, the second is defined by Inkelas and zoll (2005), the morphological approach, based on the theory semantic identity is more important than phonological similarity. Inkelas and zoll’s morphological reduplication model included “the collection of input semantic features and a kind of semantic adjunct” (p.6-7). By emphasizing semantic identity, they predict existence of empty morph (semantically), melodic overwriting and tier replacement that have semantic identity (p.36-46). Total reduplication divided into: improper, proper, and echoic. In total improper reduplication, there is phonological identity relation among reduplicating factors and belonging to different categories. In total proper reduplication, besides two reduplicated bases, there is a grammatical morph between two sisters’ factors that placed between two bases or after the second base. With regard to the placement of grammatical morph, this process is divided into two parts: medial and ending. Each of them has different kinds and various structures. In total echoic reduplication, the reduplicated part has the same rhythm as base’s, but is meaningless. In this pattern, changing happening initial consonant or vowels of base is doubling in reduplicated part. (Heidarpour, 2011:145) The results suggest that kinds of total reduplication are describable in terms of morphological reduplication theory, whereas partial reduplication with suffix and prefix is analytical by phonological copying; therefor, morphological reduplication theory is more efficient than phonological copying theory. Findings of the study help us find out a universal view about reduplication process to classify world languages by linguistic typology.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Total reduplication؛ Morphological doubling theory؛ Phonological copying theory؛ Partial reduplication؛ Persian language}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {29-51}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3361-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3361-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zandi, B. and Tusi, M.R.}, title = {A Sociolinguistic Study of Giving Nickname among the Students in Meshgin Shahr}, abstract ={  The present article deals with the study and analysis of the titles among the female and male students. Nicknames are those groups of informal names which in addition to the main names are added to a person. The data has been collected in sample volume of 60 girls and 60 boys in high schools. Totally 347 nicknames were extracted. After inserting the data into SPSS program by using dependent t test, the data were interpreted. The findings of the research showed that the nicknames were originated in four languages of Turkish, Persian, English and Arabic. In this component, we observed the vast application of Turkish language in giving a nickname (46.69 percent) by the male group and the vast application of Persian language by the female group (52.40 percent). From the perspective of identity (local, national and transnational), we also witnessed the high frequency of nicknames (42.54 percent) in the male groups to the local identity and the greatest number of belonging with (46.38 percent) of female nicknames to the national identity. From the aspect of reasons for giving nicknames (contemplation, affection, satire and no reason), in both male and female groups, we observed the high application (70.16 (male) and 53.61(female) contemplation. Finally, from the viewpoint of the intention of the nickname giver, we classified the nicknames under consideration into daily talks, media, taboo and religious ones. The general result was that in all mentioned components, there was a significant relation between the variable of gender and giving a nickname.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Sociolinguistics؛ Giving Nickname؛ Gender؛ Identity؛ Culture of school}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {53-70}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3649-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-3649-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Gholamalizadeh, Khosrow and TafakkoriRezaei, Shoja and Akbari, hamidrez}, title = {The Nomination and Categorization of Social Actors in “Al”, According To Van Leewen’s Frame work}, abstract ={Van Leeuwen's socio- semiotic network of social actors (2008), is a framework in Critical Discourse Analysis which helps discourse analysts discover how the social features ,settled in the underlying levels of discourses, are represented on the upper levels. This study tries to explore the way social actors are nominated and categorized in “Al” which is a story about the culture of nomadic people in Iran by Mohammad Bahmanbeigi, a famous Iranian novelist and the winner of the UNESCO’s literacy prize. By social actors we mean every single person that plays a role or occupies a specific position in a given society. Particularly, this study attempts to find answers to the following questions: 1. How does the writer use nomination and categorization to express his own viewpoints about the social actors of Nomadic societies of Iran? 2. Can these nominations and categorizations reflect the nomadic people's viewpoints about social actors at the time of nomadic people's illiteracy? Adopting Van Leeuwen's model of representing social actors, a lot of researcher have tried to explore the social actors of different political and educational discourses but the innovation of this study is that it tries to change the direction of studies from political discourses to literary ones.  Another point is that most of the studies about the representation of social actors have relied mostly on the frequency of the socio- semantic features for their final discussion and results but this study has focused more on qualitative analysis than just counting the frequency of the socio- semiotic features. Although counting frequencies can reveal significant patterns, it is better not to make great claims for numbers. On the contrary, it is important to realize that frequencies often shift with the stages in the writer’s argument and may not be an overall characteristic of the text (vide. Van Leeuwen, 2008: 31).  The results of this study show that the representation of social actors in “Al” is purposeful and serves to control the viewpoints of the society. The writer, using the advantages of nomination and categorization, expresses his viewpoints covertly and portrays the oppression of women in nomadic societies. On the one hand, the writer categorizes women generically to demonstrate them as the social actors engaged in common complications and on the other hand, he nominates women specifically and individually to picture them as distinguished and independent persons. Men's appraisements are all positive and represent the nomadic people's opinions about males but the appraisements of women, according to the social norms dominating the text, are changing. Using the advantages of deviation, the writer introduces the main character of the story as a deviant actor involved in opposite activities to challenge social norms and beliefs.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Critical discourse analysis؛ Van leeuwen's network of social actors؛ Bahmanbeigi؛ Al؛ Nomination and Categorization}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {71-89}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4784-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4784-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Razavian, Hossein and jalil, M.}, title = {Spoken Features of the Robbery Defendants in Court}, abstract ={Forensic Linguistics is a new and interdisciplinary branch of applied linguistics and law that analyzes oral and written legal texts by using language tools and linguistic evidences and helps in detecting crime. The goal of present research is to obtain spoken features of robbery defendants in order to provide a unique conversation of thieves in detection of crimes. The authors are trying to describe and explain speech of robbery defendants in Semnan province judicial system from the perspective of Forensic Linguistics.The results show that the robbery defendants by using many linguistic principles such as high modality, activism deletion, infelicitous utterance, illocutionary act try to gain interrogators confidence. Investigation of lawsuits details show that robbery defendants in their defenses use linguistic principles differently. In particular, they use in their speech modality for 29%, contradictions for 16%, activism deletion for 14%, presupposition for 10%, speech acts for 3%, implicature for 1% and middle voice construction for 0/5%. The methodology of the research is descriptive-analytic and its purpose is to describe and explain the spoken features of the robbery defendants according to linguistic principles from the perspective of forensic linguistics. According to the research topic that it describes and analyzes the spoken features of the robbery defendants, we have selected four robbery cases from Semnan prosecutors. The four cases have been read in full and in rows from the initial stages of investigation to interrogations and trials and the linguistics tools examined, have been identified, extracted and analyzed.  Also results suggest that attention to features and elegances of language like low modality, contradiction in speech, activism deletion, presupposition, implicature; middle voice construction and Gricean Cooperative Principles can help investigators and judges at crime detection.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Forensic Linguistics؛ Crime؛ Theft؛ Interrogation؛ Accused}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {91-116}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9548-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9548-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {shahhoseini, faeghe and rovshan, B. and Saboori, N.B. and najafian, A.}, title = {Transitivity of Motion Verbs in Persian Language}, abstract ={According to Talmy (2000), the basic motion event consists of one object (the ‘Figure’) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference-object or ‘Ground’). Moreover, its semantic structure has another two internal components, i.e. ‘Path’ and ‘Motion’. The ‘Path’ is the track followed or the location occupied by the Figure object with respect to the Ground object, and the ‘Motion’ refers to the presence in the event of motion or location. The present research focuses on the transitivity of motion verbs in Persian language.  In order to seek the notion, research data have been analyzed based on Talmy's theoretical framework (2000), and the components of motion in these verbs have been investigated.  The research method is descriptive-analytic.  Consequently, seeking the notion of transitivity in motion verbs, the research includes 219 Modern Persian verbs from two sites (Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB) and Hamshahri Online news website). Among those mentioned motion verbs, 126 cases were intransitive and 63 were transitive.  Based on the main goal of the research, the question was raised; “what is the difference between the figure and the ground in transitive and intransitive verbs?” it is necessary to mention, the criterion for determining the transition is following the pattern of "NP1, transitive verb, NP2".  Persian language express a Motion event using the transitive construction in which the subject denotes the Figure (the moving entity) and the object denotes the Ground (the reference object). In Persian language, in most cases, verbs can express a motion event in the Intransitive Construction. . In Persian, the object usually depicts the referral point or path based on the semantic features of the verb.  In cases of causative verbs, the object is the same as the figure that makes the displacement.  In addition, in the intransitive structures, the subject is the figure and intransitive verbs demonstrate a change or a new position.  In these examples, the path is often shown through a prepositional phrase.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Transitive verbs؛ Intransitive verbs؛ Motion verbs؛ Figure؛ Path؛ Ground}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {117-136}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-987-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-987-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Azad, Omi}, title = {The analysis and comparison of proverb comprehension in Persian-speaking Alzheimer\'s patients and healthy individuals}, abstract ={Linguistic deficits and disorders are among the most significant properties observed in Alzheimer's patients. Pragmatic domain is the major linguistic area affected by the disease. Furthermore, Alzheimer's patients are confronted with lots of problems in the interpretation of figurative and non-literal language. In this research, the abilities of 5 Alzheimer's patients in the comprehension of Persian proverbs have been compared to 10 monolingual education-and- age- matched control via Oral Explanation and Force Choice Tasks. The results of the research indicated the poor performance of Alzheimer's patients compared to the healthy individuals. The poor performance of Alzheimer's patients in MMSE and the relationships between subjects' performance in the cognitive tasks of clock Drawing and Stroop Color Task with Proverb Comprehension Task , along with patients' inclination to interpret proverbs literally corroborated that a number of deficits in the cognitive processing domain culminated in the poor performance of patients in proverb comprehension.    }, Keywords = {Key words: Alzheimer؛ Executive function؛ Stroop Color Task}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {137-157}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5359-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5359-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {SeyedJalali, Badri Sadat and modarreskhiabani, shahram and KarimiBehbahani, Seyed Mohamm}, title = {A Functional Approach to Translation Quality Assessment of Literary Texts: Evaluating Two Persian Translations of Franny and Zooey by J.D. Salinger}, abstract ={Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) is one of the most noteworthy sub-fields of Translation Studies. The current qualitative descriptive study applied House's (1997) model, which is based on Hallidayan Systemic-Functional Theory, to investigate the quality of Farsi translations of Salinger’s Franny and Zooey translated by Milad Zakaria and Omid Nikfarjam. As House has suggested, translations are categorized into covert and overt ones. An overt translation, in contrast to covert translation which is domesticated toward target language, is one that must overtly be a translation with probable unfamiliar cultural elements. House claims that overt translation is preferred for culture-oriented texts, particularly literary ones. By applying Houses’s model, the present study aims to investigate the way in which the function of literary text is represented in target language system. To this end, selected segments of the corpus were compared and contrasted to their Persian equivalences in two mentioned translations. The findings of this research revealed that although both translations tended to familiarize the text to the translation audiences, Milad Zakaria’s translation was more overt compared with the translation by Omid Nikfarjam. Therefore, it can be claimed that the first translation is functionally more adequate compared to the second one in preserving the “function” of source text in target language.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Translation Quality Assessment (TQA)؛ Functionalism؛ Juliane House؛ Franny and Zooey}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {159-182}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10674-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10674-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghaderi, Soleiman and Rafiei, A.}, title = {Coercion and Construction Grammar}, abstract ={       . Coercion is a long-discussed issue in linguistics and its mechanisms have been imaged differently. This article tries to introduce the theoreticians' views about the nature of coercion and analyzes this phenomenon in some morphological and syntactic Persian colloquial data. It is supposed that this analysis will elucidate some points in Persian morphology and syntax. This study relies on the framework proposed by Audring and Booij (2016). According to this approach we will expound three coercion mechanisms or effects: selection, enrichment and override. In coercion by selection, the resulting meaning is a part of the semantic repertoire of the coerced word to begin with. From this perspective, coercion works largely ‘bottom-up’, with only a light role for the context selecting one interpretation from the range of alternative readings. In coercion by enrichment, lexical semantics is preserved, but augmented in context. It represents a stronger ‘top-down’ influence, adding meaning to the utterance. In coercion by override, in turn, contextual ‘top-down’ force is strongest; it modifies, replaces, or removes properties of the coerced item. The current research  is presented within the framework of Construntion Grammar. The data is based on the the analysis of modern Persian colloquial data drawn from the oral data, including radio and television programs and the researcher's interactions with others and also Google Persian sites sentences. The data analyzed showed that we can put all three above mentioned mechanisms along a single axis, considering the degree of top-down influence of complex morphological and syntactic constructions on the lexical semantics or category of the unified element. Idiomatic constructions are the most radical coercion of the override type. The present study shows the applicability of the approach in Persian data analysis. Moreover, it shows that coercion can support the notion of 'construction' and subsequently the Construction Grammar. Using coercion besides construction, this study presents a new analysis for making not only words basad on possible words but also the so-called fake infinitives.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: Coercion؛ Persian؛ Construction؛ Construction Grammar؛ Audring and Booij's approach}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {183-208}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8722-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8722-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Afkhami, Ali and Shakiba, Kamr}, title = {Ideological representation of Iran & England\'s newspapers: A Critical Metaphor Analysis}, abstract ={Critical metaphor analysis tries to be a multidisciplinary approach that studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk through metaphors in the social and political contexts.in the present research, through electing such approaches such as critical discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics and corpus analysis,  instances of discourse metaphors extracted from opposing wing’s newspapers such as Keyhan and Mardomsalari in Iran and Telegraph and Mirror in England analyzed based on Lakoff’s cognitive approach and Cameron’s discourse metaphor following Charteris-black’s integrative critical metaphor research. The aim was to investigate the similarities and differences between metaphors and conceptual metaphors in each discourse and subsequently in each language. To tackle this concern, considering each wing’s core principals, political parts of the intended newspapers were analyzed and to narrow down the research just five source domains including conflict, structure, journey, religion and plants were focalized. The results showed that the aforementioned languages and the political wings are different in terms of source domains and frequency due to multilingual factors including society, history and culture. The results also demonstrated the metaphorical features of the discourses in terms of source domains. In this study also each kinds of Lakoff’s structural, ontological, directional metaphors and Cameron’s systematic metaphors were identified. Furthermore, this study showed how identical facts are demonstrated differently by opposing ideologies. Finally this eclectic approach came to known as an effective approach in demonstrating hidden power relations.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: Critical discourse analysis؛ Metaphor؛ Ideology؛ Cognitive semantics؛ Hidden power relations}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {209-231}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10131-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10131-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {MotavallianNaeini, Rezvan and dehkhoda, Z.}, title = {Spelling Error Analysis of Arab Learners of Persian Language}, abstract ={Spelling is one of important skills of the second language learning, which deserves to be considered due to its importance and its impact on reading and writing skills. However, this language aspect has been less considered by educational planners and teachers. Learning spelling is a completely systematic process that is influenced by learners’ knowledge on different aspects of language (including phonological, morphological and orthographic knowledge). Through investigating the spelling errors of Persian learners, it is possible to achieve their real understanding from the second language structure at each stage of their linguistic development. Thus findings of such research are useful for teachers, curriculum and textbook designers who are eager to identify problematic areas for Persian spelling learners. The data of present research help them find in which linguistic aspect of spelling, their learners need more training. The significance of this issue and the lack of literature in this field have led the authors of the present paper to analyze the spelling errors of Arab learners of Persian language by using  contrastive and error analysis approaches. The data collected from 105 of learners’ intermediate and final spelling tests in three levels of beginner, intermediate, and advanced. The population of the present research has been selected by simple random sampling among Farsi-learners at Jam’at-al-Mostafa-al-Alameyyeh , Ghom branch. Regarding errors’ sources, the data obtained divided into three groups of intralingual, interlingual and ambiguous and based on their category, they are classified as consonantal, vowel and form errors. The results indicate that categorically, the errors related to vowel system have the highest frequency (47%) and there aren’t much differences between consonantal (26/8%) and form (26/4%) errors. Also according to the source of errors, the inter lingual errors with the source of mother tongue with 56% have the maximum frequency and ambiguous and intra lingual errors are in the second and third places (26% and 18% respectively) (table 1). Therefore, it can be said that the most important source of spelling errors of Arab learners of Persian is the interference of learners’ mother language on Persian spelling learning. These kinds of errors are resulted from trivial differences between Arabic and Persian phonemic systems. This matter confirms with the moderate version of contrastive analysis.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Error Analysis؛ Contrastive Analysis؛ Spelling error؛ Arab speakers؛ Persian learner}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {233-264}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4416-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-4416-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Bamshadi, Parsa and Ghatreh, Farib}, title = {The Polysemy of Suffix “-i”: An Exploration within the Construction Morphology}, abstract ={The purpose of the present research is to analyze one of the most frequently used derivational suffixes in Persian, namely “-i“, and to examine its various structural and semantic/functional aspects. The study adopts a construction-based approach and, using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain the word formation patterns using the notions of “construction” and “constructional schemas” within the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2015). It then represents the hierarchical and network relationships among constructional schemas and subschemas in a systematic way. The data under study are extracted from the authors own morphological corpus which includes more than 8000 derivational and compound words as well as Farhang-e Bozorg-e Sokhan (The Great Sokhan Dictionary) (Anvari, 2002). The findings of the research show that “-i” has 38 different meanings/functions and thus we can consider this affix an extremely polysemous one which is always susceptible to new meanings/functions. This polysemy is not explainable at the level of words but at the level of abstract schemas, and therefore is called “constructional polysemy”. In other words, Construction Morphology theory brings us to a new conception of polysemy: a hierarchical and multi-level polysemy at the level of abstract constructions of language.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Suffix “-i”؛ Affixation؛ Construction Morphology؛ Constructional Polysemy؛ Construction-based approach}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {265-289}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1150-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-1150-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {SaffarMoghaddam, Ahmad and RostambeikTafreshi, Atoos}, title = {A Study of Persian Speakers’ Perception of Stylistic Variation in Persian Language}, abstract ={Focusing on Persian language continuum of styles, this research aims at studying the stylistic variation of Persian language according to the native speakers’ judgment of the formality of some Persian sentences that are related semantically, and conveys the same proposition, but considered to be different regarding the number of formal or informal and colloquial words, phrases, and syntactic features in them. Therefore, this research is categorized as a research in perceptual dialectology. The main goal is to analyze the relation between the lexical and structural features of formality with the native speakers’ perception of the degree of formality of the sentences.The main questions this research tries to answer are as follows: Is it possible to define the degree of formality of a sentence according to the linguistic features? And, which phonetic, lexical and structural features exert more influence on Persian speakers’ judgments?  The research hypotheses are as follows: It is possible to define the degree of formality according to some linguistic features like how close the pronunciation of a word is to standard language, the use of some formal or informal words and expressions. And, the use of some lexical items and expressions or taboo words affects the native speakers’ judgment more than other features.  A researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 15 sentences which communicate the same proposition was used for gathering data on speakers’ judgments. Informants were 70 men and women in three different age-groups, 20-30 (n=35), 30-40 (n= 20)and 40-50 (n=15) who analyzed and graded the sentences, according to the degree of formality, on a continuum from the most to the least formal, based on their intuition. A descriptive – analytic method was used to analyze the data quantitatively and qualitatively. The topic and theoretical frame work of the research are the innovative features of the study. The results show that it is possible to measure the approximate degree of formality of a sentence by counting the stylistically marked linguistic features. Nevertheless, the speaker’s judgment on the degree of formality does not necessarily depend on the number of these features, and some lexical items and terms that are marked due to observing politeness will affect their judgment. In general, lexical choices and some phonetic changes seem to have more influence on the speakers’ judgments than structural features.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Perceptual dialectology؛ Style؛ Stylistic variation؛ Linguistic politeness؛ Social variants}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {291-314}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5910-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-5910-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mansoori, M.}, title = {An Investigation of Consonant Deletion in Persian Consonant Clusters}, abstract ={Persian with CV(C(C)) syllable structure is a language with just a double consonant final cluster. The present study is an investigation of consonant deletion in Persian final clusters. To do this 1500 words, at least 600 of them one syllable were investigated. The study has classified the clusters into two classes, with or without consonant deletion (stable or instable cluster).The consonants of the clusters were analyzed based on the sameness and distinctions of investigated features.  The study has indicated that the number of clusters with consonant deletion is less than those without. There is a direct relationship between the sameness of values and stability of clusters.  In stable clusters the same values for obstruent, continuant and voice in general, are significantly less than those with different ones. The difference between the number of + F and –F for continuant and voice are statistically significant while for obstruent is not. The study has also indicated that in addition to features phonotactic as well as word structure is also effective. In the present study consonant deletion in Persian has been analyzed in the frame work of Optimality theory. In this way it has been argued that marked constrains hierarchy stand above faithful ones. }, Keywords = {Keywords: Consonantal clusters؛ Deletion؛ Phonotactics؛ Persian language؛ Optimality theory}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {319-339}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8760-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-8760-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {ahmadkhani, mohammad and KarimiFirouzjai, A. and YadakiMoghadam, M.S.}, title = {Semiotic Analysis of Tejarat Bank Advertisements}, abstract ={Nowadays, with increasing competition among economic agencies, the role of advertising is very decisive. The purpose of this research is to analyze the commercial advertising of the Tejarat Bank in the theoretical framework of semiotics. The research method is qualitative and descriptive-analytical. The data include 16 images and videos collected from Bank archive. The analysis of the data shows that in the advertising of this bank, attention was paid to implicit meanings and cultural, social and biological elements such as respect for customers, praise of the past, modernism, environmental attention, prospects and new technologies. Furthermore, the bank logo has existed for decades and needs innovation and reform. This study highlights this fact that the bank advertising is not effective and requires more modern advertising.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Semiotics؛ Sign؛ Explicit and implicit meaning؛ Advertisement}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {341-364}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6900-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6900-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {neisani, mozhgan and rezai, vali}, title = {The Layered Structure of Adverbs and their Orders in Persian}, abstract ={The aim of this paper is to investigate adverbs within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar. Testing the hypothesis of layered structure suggested for the adverbs in this theory, presenting ternary classification of nuclear, core and the clausal for them and explaining the reasons behind their order are the main goals of this study. What diversifies different approaches is the extent to which they allow meaning to determine the order for adverbs. The extent is the most in functionalism and the least in formalism in their extreme terms. Role and Reference Grammar which bridges these two extremes is considered the most qualified approach for the study of adverbs since it considers all the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects together for the analysis of different phenomena including adverbs and thus its viewpoint toward adverbs has been a model for us in this study. In order to investigate this claim regarding Persian adverbs, attested data have been gathered from written and spoken sources and the order principle was checked against the sentences containing adverbs; so that the well-formedness level of sentences containing different adverbs was evaluated and the decrease in the well-formedness of sentences having the reordered version was judged to indicate the deviation from the seemingly basic order. Supporting the admission of the layered structure hypothesis for the adverbs, some complementary tests such as the sensitivity of nuclear adverbs to aspect, the ambiguity in interpretation for some core adverbs, different positions for various adverbs and their interpretation and finally the questionnaire and frequency test were used. Results from all of the tests have shown that Persian to a great extent follows the ordered principle suggested for adverbs in Role and Reference Grammar and the flexibility for the position of temporal adverbs and also of the adverbs within each layer do not question this as this theory itself  has predicted them beforehand. Worth mentioning that order principle was observe red to hold for some of the adverbs in each layer such as between evidential and epistemic modal adverbs belonging to clause layer. This supports more the ordering hypothesis. Besides, in this study different types of adverbs were recognized based on their interaction with operators. For nuclear adverbs, several number of aspectual adverbs were identified In Persian. What seem to be directional adverbs corresponding directional operators both in nucleus and core layer are either directional prefixes or argument adjuncts which the main predicate license them in the logical structure. And also the elements which seem to be negative adverbs which correspond with the negative operators in all of the three layers are actually negative polarity items in Persian since they always co-occur with negative operator. The event quantificational adverbs denote the times an event is happened which are considered as core adverbs. Also the adverbs which show deontic modality observed in Persian belong to core layer. Besides the adverbs which correspond to specific operators in the layers so far, there are adverbs belong to the layers without having a corresponding operator such as degree adverbs modifying the nucleus and manner and temporal-locative  and also subject-oriented adverbs which modify the core layer.  Finally we can point to epistemic modal and evidential adverbs as the main representatives for the clausal layer adverbs. The number for clausal adverbs, of course, will exceed if we add evaluative adverbs to them. Generally these were the main three classes of adverbs in Persian based on Role and Reference view on the adverb types. There are for sure some alternation between adverbs of different types and that’s why we can’t consider an absolute border between adverbs of different layers. In conclusion, Persian adverbs, as predicted by Role and Reference Grammar, reveal layered structure and obey the ordering principle and therefore we can present a ternary classification of nuclear, core and clausal adverbs for them which supplements the traditional binary classification for them; which means that they modify predicate, predicate and its arguments and the whole proposition in respective.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)؛ Layered Structure of the Clause؛ order؛ Operators؛ Persian Adverbs}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {365-390}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2624-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-2624-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Kazemi, Foroogh and Armaghani, Maryam}, title = {A Study of Persian and English Billboards from Persuasive Techniques Point of View}, abstract ={Nowadays, commercial advertising is an inseparable part of urban life and billboards as significant components of outdoor advertising are used to persuade consumers unconsciously. In addition, billboards are usually used to reach a very large audience and high cost is spent on them, so they are expected to be efficient enough to persuade their audience to choose among the mass of similar products. In this study, 100 randomly photographed billboards of London and Tehran in 2014-15 are analyzed from the perspective of functions of inductive action, with a particular focus on various persuasion techniques. Umi (2010) defines persuasion as an art of verbal with the intention to assure someone to do something appropriate with the speaker’s purpose for the present time. It means that the purpose of persuasion is that the speaker tries to persuade the listener to act something with no violence and coercion. So, in persuasion the speaker needs the efforts for stimulating the addressee in taking decision. Larson (1986) believes that Persuasion is a process to change attitude or behavior, and opinion. Persuasion occurs only through cooperation between sender and receiver. The focus of persuasion is not only on the sender, the message, or the receiver, but all of them are equally focused on. All of them have to make cooperative in making a persuasive process, so it can be said that persuasion is a result of the combined efforts of source and receiver. According to the findings, it can be argued that advertisers tried to use a particular language depends on different techniques and various linguistic devices to purposefully persuade and generally attract the attention of the audience. The results of the research proved how advertisers employed a myriad of techniques and devices such as exaggeration-based/ value-based manipulative actions to convince potential customers. Furthermore, this study showed that techniques such as explicit claims with the frequency of 64% - 56% (respectively in Persian and English), association with the frequency of 82% - 54% (respectively in Persian and English), and the provision of contact details with the frequency of 46% - 66% (respectively in Persian and English), were the most common techniques in both languages. Therefore, this study aims to investigate similarities and differences of Persian and English billboards according to discursive devices and diversity and distribution of persuasion techniques. Moreover, the results indicated that in these English and Persian samples, the frequency distribution of the techniques were almost identical. This conclusion is logical due to the existence of mass media and mass communications in the modern era of technology. In general, in both languages, the samples were rich in the variety and the number of the techniques which were used so they were expected to deliver the message to the customers well. But the extent of their success in convincing them can be studied in other researches}, Keywords = {Keywords: Advertisement discourse؛ Manipulative action؛ Manipulation techniques؛ Tehran and London billboards}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {391-427}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10211-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10211-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {roohibygi, zahra and Karimi-Doostan, Gholam-Hossein and Sharif, Babak}, title = {Explanation for Alternating Light verbs (LVs) in Persian Complex Predicates from a Generative Lexicon Viewpoint}, abstract ={This paper aims to examine and explain, from a Generative Lexicon (Pustejovsky 1995) viewpoint, the alternation and substitution of light verbs (LVs) in Persian complex predicates (also referred to as light verb constructions). To this aim, the hypothesis we are going to test is that semantic features including meaning commonality, distinct aspectual features (LVs’ aktionsarts), difference in argument structure, etc. are some of factors involved in LV alternation with a particular PV. A thorough examination of various kinds of alternation and substitution of LVs combined with the same pre-verbal element (PV) suggests that the information encoded in different lexical-semantic structures (Argument structure, Event structure and Qualia structure) of PVs and LVs, including arguments encoded in a-structure of predicative PVs, as well as aspectual features, such as initiatory vs. transitory or spontaneous vs. durative aspect, of light verbs make it (im)possible to substitute different light verbs occurring with a particular PV. Information represented in lexico semantic structure of linguistic items, especially Qualia structure which includes limited but necessary information for explaining lecical semantic relations between two LVC components serves to account for alternation ant substitution of LVs in complex predicate structures based on the concepts of Generative Lexicon theory. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the data under study consist of Persian complex predicates (gathered and cited from Anvari 2002) consisting a nominal PV and each of the light verbs kardan (‘do, make’), zadan (‘hit’), kešidan (‘pull, drag’) and dâdan (‘give’).}, Keywords = {Keywords: Persian complex predicate؛ Alternation of light verbs؛ Generative Lexicon}, volume = {8}, Number = {7}, pages = {429-452}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10867-en.html}, eprint = {http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-10867-en.pdf}, journal = {Language Related Research}, issn = {2322-3081}, eissn = {2383-0816}, year = {2018} }