Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
The Representation of Social Actors via Socio-semantic Features in One Story by Ebrahim Golestan: A CDA Study
1
25
FA
Atena
Poushaneh
M.A., Department of General Linguistics, Azad University of Central Tehran Branch,
Morteza
Babak Moien
Assistant Professor, Department of French Language, Azad University of Central Tehran
Branch, Tehran, Iran
Critical discourse analysis deals with power and ideology. This approach makes connection between ideology and the manner of expression by the use of discursive features. This article was carried out in discreptive-analytic method to study discursive features in the expressions, sentences and texts of the narration “Miyan-e diruz va farad” from “Azar Mah-e Akhar-e Payiz” (Azar, The Last Month of Autumn) written by Ebrahim Golestan. Therefore, the present article studies socio-semantic features on the basis of Van Leeuwen (1996) in the story of “Miyan-e diruz va farad” for clarifying the ideology beyond the text. This article aims to answer these questions: 1- How are socio-semantic features used in this story? 2- Have social situations been affected in the style of narration? and 3-What kind of functions has the author considered for ideology? The results indicated that this story has used all kinds of socio-semantic features with the exception of symbolization. The author has used implicit features due to political and social situations, and explicit features have been used because of the importance of actors and their actions. The author has also used ideology for transferring group believes. This article makes an attempt to express why the author has used these features and expressed them implicity.
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
Deixis Analysis in Discourse of Ney-Nameh
27
54
FA
Razieh
Hojatizadeh
Ph.D. Student, Department of Persian Language & Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Seyyed Ali-Asghar
Mirbagheri Fard
Professor, Department of Persian Language & Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Ishagh
Toghiani
Professor, Department of Persian Language & Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
One of the stages in the contemporary linguistics, based on which the linguists recognize a special position for speaker, is the “discourse analysis”. In this innovative linguistic perspective, the individual indicator, which influence on producing the texts, constitutes a new area in pragmalinguistic researches. Though we can pursue the history of acquaintance of linguistics with deixis in the rhetorical tradition of Islam, where the term appears by means of struggling, which arises from the process between grammar and rhetoric. Islamic grammarians are interested into internal context (co-text) & ask if there is a cohesion between the propositional members of the text and its external context (context of situation). Whereas, the rhetoricians study about the illocutionary force(s) of the utterances through corresponding this force with the context of situation. But among these scientists, there are others who synthesize between co-text & context simultaneously. They respect the deviations in grammatical principles in order to achieve the illocutionary or force(s) of utterances. This article argues some deixis in Ney-Nameh, such as personal pronouns, demonstratives, spatial-temporal indicators & expansion-contraction in discourse to evaluate the importance of speaker’s function in the above-mentioned discourse. In fact, this article would reply to this question that if by means of the deixis, we can go out of utterances’ level to appreciate the illocutionary forces of a total text and evaluate the correspondence of co-text and context.
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
Intertextuality in Mandanipoor’s Sharghe Banafshe
55
74
FA
Fatemeh
Heidari
Associate Professor in English Literature, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Alborz, Iran
Bita
Darabi
M.A. in English Literature, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Alborz, Iran
ran
The present paper is an attempt to investigate the concept of intertexuality in Sharyar Mandanipour's Sharghe Banafshe, which is attained with the analytic reading of the text along with the concepts that this work shares in common with the other texts, demonstrating the fact that these similarities have been deliberate, intending to achieve a mystical purpose. The contemporary thinkers are on the belief that each text incorporates in itself the sources taken from various cultures and is replete with the signs leading to the process of text creation. They further believe that no text is created in isolation and that we cannot interpret and read it without considering its connection to other texts around. Accordingly, in Shahryar Mandanipour's Sharghe Banafshe, the traces of other texts are present. In fact, in this work, the author utilizes the signs by which one can find intertextuality in the text. The followings are some of the features that Mandanipour's Sharghe Banafshe has in common with the other works of art: the same plot, common mysticism, belief in being within nothingness, and the path of annihilation. Investigation and analysis of these similarities existent in this work with the other works is the achievement of this essay.
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
The Study of Possessor Raising in Persian
75
99
FA
Ali
Darzi
Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Tahereh
Afshar
Linguistics Graduate of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
In the domain of the Ezafe construction in Persian, sometimes, there is found a DP known as the possessor. This article aims at establishing the process of possessor raising in Persian within the Minimalist program (Chomsky 1995). To do this, it is argued that in the domain of the Ezafe construction in Persian, a syntactic constituent may be merged in the spec of the nP where it receives its possessor theta role. This constituent, then, raises to the spec of the dominating DP to get its [+definite] feature checked along the lines of Ritter (1991, 1992). This is a novel proposal for Persian and is important in that it takes the possessor DP as bearing a theta role and leads to the classification of Persian as a language with definite like possessive construction.
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
Forgetting as an Abstacle to Written Expression in a Foreign Language (Case Study with Iranian Learners of French)
101
121
FA
Rouhollah
Rahmatian
Associate Professor, French Teaching Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Samaneh
Mossayebi
M.A., French Teaching Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Marzieh
Mehrabi
Ph.D. Student, French Teaching Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Learning a foreign language, like other fields, undergoes forgetting. Paying attention to forgetting in foreign language writing and speaking abilities is more important since these two realms indicate the learner's competence and performance. This study aimed to investigate the phenomenon of forgetting of Iranian Language learners (French) at the level of language production. To achieve this objective, descriptive and analytical methods were used for reviewing the related theories of forgetting, memory and data storage. In the field study, forgetting of concrete and abstract words between two sexes and two age groups (25-30, 31- 40) was measured by two different tests. According to the results, forgetting depends on the type of words. On this basis, abstract words are more frequently forgotten. The obtained data demonstrated that age and sex have a significant impact on forgetting words. More precisely, these factors affect forgetting, when words appear in a context. So in the age group of 25-30 years, forgetting of abstract words is significant among men and 1.82% more in comparison with women. While in the age group of 31- 40 years, the forgetting degree of women is 2.5% more.
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
The Study of Recency Effects of Persian Verbal Radio Commercials on Their Listeners
123
140
FA
Belghais
Roshan
Assistant Professor, Linguistics and Foreign Languages Department, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Nazila
Bahmani
M.A. in Linguistics, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Ahmad
AliPoor
Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
The message recall effects consist of the primary effects, middle effects and recency effects. People who recall the first part of the list are affected by the primary effects, those who recall the middle part are affected by the middle effects, and those who recall the last part are affected by the recency effects. The present research is to investigate the recency effects of Persian verbal radio commercials on the memory of their listeners. Also the study is to represent the effects of using short sentences and slogans in Persian radio commercials. The research methods are the field study and experimental. To perform the trials, six out of the 50 Persian radio commercials were chosen, which were broadcasted from Iran, Javan and Payam radio channels in February and March, 2011. Six blank-sentence tests were designed according to the commercials. 71 participants (44 men and 27 women) were randomly selected. Listening the commercials twice, they wrote the missing words in the tests they recalled. The results suggest the recency items with minrank (2/77) of a Persian radio commercial have more effects on the listeners’ working memory and are recalled better than the primary (2/16) and the middle items (%1/06). Also short sentences and slogans (99/79) have more effects on the listeners’ working memory and they are recalled well than the others (41/80). The results are suitable for Persian radio commercial programmers, goods producers and service institution administrators to take the listeners’ attractions to introduce their goods and services better. Linguists and psychologists can also use these results to study the effects of sentence positions on people's memories.
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
The Speech Act of “Promise” and “Promise in Political Discourse”
141
158
FA
Maryam
Shafaghi
Assistant Professor, Russian Language, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
The speech act of promise can be accompanied by two other speech acts: encouragement and pledge. Since, in this speech act, we have the concept of volunteer promise, and the speaker willingly makes a commitment to his/her addressee, according to George Austin's typology of speech acts, this speech act is considered to be an instance of commissive speech acts. Moreover, since the main features of performative verbs, i.e. “I, you, here and now”, are present in promises, promise is also regarded as a performative act. In political promises, given the objectives of the discourse as well as the personal traits of the speaker, Grice's maxims – quality, quantity, relevance and manner – may be violated. In a political promise, there may be as much brevity as there is repetition. Most of political promises serve merely as advertising goals and are not intended to be fulfilled. The maxim of relevance is generally heeded in political promises and the violation of this maxim before elections is fairly rare. Political activists usually make use of efficient and influential manner of speech in their election campaigns.
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
The Rate of Implementing Methods and Strategies of Grammar Instruction in Arab Language and Literature (B. A.) in the Perspective of Professors and Students
159
178
FA
Issa
mottaghizadeh
Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic Language & Literature Tarbiat Modares, University, Tehran, Iran
Nouroddin
parvin
M.A. Student, Department of Arabic Language & Literature, Tarbiat Modarese University Tehran, Iran
Danesh
Mohamadi Rekati
Ph.D. Student, Department of Arabic Language & Literature, Tarbiat Modares, University Tehran, Iran
Sajjad
Esmaili
M.A. Student, Department of Arabic Language & Literature, Tarbiat Modares,Tehran, Iran
In all languages, grammar instruction is one of the most important concerns of language teaching connoisseurs. In Arabian language, due to its specific structural and instructional properties, grammar and its teaching procedure have been investigated by teachers and connoisseurs for decades. Similarly in Iran, Arabic grammar instruction has been one of the most important components of teaching this language forever; so many of famous connoisseurs and book authors in Arabic grammar are Iranian. However, nowadays, one of the most challenging fields in teaching Arabic in Iran is grammar instruction. Despite of instructing 20 units in B.A. Arabic language and literature, it seems that students are facing with paramount deficiencies in applying Arabic grammar since it is for long years that grammar is instructed with old methods and many professors are not using modern and proper. strategies. The present study attempts to study instructional methods and the rate of implementing proper strategies by a survey and questionnaires. The research findings showed that traditional deductive method is more frequently used in grammar instruction, and new strategies, namely technology and contributive application and strategy, are implemented less than traditional methods in providing feedback information.
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
Investigation of Context from Ancient Distinguished Muslim Linguists' Viewpoints Based on Hāzim Qartājannī's Framework
179
197
FA
Hamidreza
Mirhaji
Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic Language & Literature, Allame Tabatabaee University, Tehran, Iran
Yusuf
Nazari2
Ph.D. Student, Department of Arabic Language & Literature, Allame Tabatabaee University, Tehran, Iran
Ancient Muslim linguists paid due attention to both linguistic and non-linguistic contexts. An investigation into Hāzim Qarṭājannī's views can help in developing a relatively comprehensive framework in this respect. However, in general, ancient linguists' views are not the same and vary from social perspectives on language (i.e. paying attention to non-linguistic factors) to pure formalistic views. Hence, ancient Muslim linguists' views have to be considered as a whole to be able to reach a comprehensive framework on context and its uses in action. The reasons behind the ancient linguists' attention to context were threefold: evaluating the accuracy, analyzing the meaning of the texts, and regenerating the lost non-linguistic context from the linguistic context to arrive at the meaning. The present study investigates the ancient linguists' views on context mainly through the framework derived from Ḥāzim Qarṭājannī's "Minhāj al-Bulaghā".
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
The Survey of Narrative Semiotics of Semantic Structure in “Leqa-on fi Lazate Rahil” Short Story
199
220
FA
Nahid
Nasihat
Ph.D. Student, Department of Arabic Language & Literature, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Kobra
Roshan Fekr
Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic Language & Literature, Tarbiat Modares University,
Khalil
Parvini
Associate Professor, Department of Arabic Language & Literature, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Faramarz
Mirzaei
Professor, Department of Arabic Language & Literature, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
This paper studies the conditions of production and understanding of the meaning of “Leqa-on Fi LazateRahil” by Nasrin Edris, Lebanese author. The story of “Leqa..” can be studied sustainability from a new semantic point of view, which includes the photographer and the fighters’ active discourses. Hamzah follows the program; his skill in the photography creates the main character in the action. The Commander has an important role in the acquisition of Hamzah’s emotional ability. In the second discourse, the fighters enter into action after the contract and obtaining the ability. Therefore, the main actions are performed simultaneously; the fighters fight and Hamzah takes photos. All procedures are performed respectively. The dominant discourse is intelligent, but emotional processes, especially photographer part, play an important role in the story forming. The aim of this research was to study the semantic process and narrative traits of the “Leqa..” story in order to achieve the main meaning functions and details. Also the effect of emotion on the meaning process has been investigated
Tarbiat Modares University
Language Related Research
2322-3081
4
2
2013
7
1
The Review of Linguistic Competence in Ebne Khaldon’s View
223
243
FA
Ruhollah
Sayyadi-Nezhad
Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature,
University of Kashan, Isfehan, Iran
Ebne Khaldon has discussed about one of the most important linguistic subjects, that is “the ability of language”. He emphasizes on linguistic creativity as an opportunity to achieve the meaning of linguistic competence and says that lingual talent is related to human’s natural ability. On the one hand, he expresses that non-Arabic people profit from Arabic language because the first language takes precedence over their second language, and on the other side, remembers some famous persons like “Siboie” “Pharsi” and “Zomokhshari”; although they are Iranians, but their life between Arabic families made them to achieve Arabic language queen depth. Ebne Khaldon believes that there is an inseparable relationship between language and society and that the sovereignty language is ideology language that governs the society, so he is going to survey linguistic changes in terms of “time” and “place”. The results of this study showed that Ebne Khaldon thoughts are modern and that he is the originator of “linguistic competence”, not “Chamsy”.