دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 12 2 2021 05 22 “Tamiz” in Persian Grammar; Its Form, Nature and Terminology در ‌باب تمیز در دستور زبان فارسی؛ صورت، ماهیت و اصطلاح‌شناسی آن 121 152 6895 10.29252/LRR.12.2.5 FA ندا حیدرپور نجف آبادی استادیار گروه فرهنگ‌نویسی، فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-3372-6831 Journal Article “Tamiz” is a term getting used in Arabic and Persian syntax. The term in old Persian grammars was equivalent with its meaning in Arabic, but over time was getting used for object complement, mean a grammatical function which make verbs like “danestan” (to know), “namidan” (to name), “pendashtan” (to assume) etc. clear objectively. Today “tamiz” means the same grammatically in Persian. This paper means two, first to determine when the word, tamiz formed and by who? And what are equivalents of that? Second to describe tamiz and its related verb and object. In order to attain the first, the author investigated Persian grammars (in a historical order), and to attain the second the author used a corpus-based investigation. Some of the results are as such: Tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase and in second place in the format of adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. It rarely appears in the format of pronoun and clause. Almost all, tamizs have direct object and a few have prepositional object. Object is a necessary component of a sentence; so these verbs in passive form lose their tamiz except verbs like “yad shodan” (be reminded), “gofte shodan” (be said) and “etlagh shodan” (be predicated) which keep their object in passive form too.<br> <br> 1. Introduction<span dir="RTL"></span><br> Tamiz or object complement is a syntactic function that clears the ambiguity of verbs like “danestan” (to know), “namidan” (to name), “pendashtan” (to assume) etc., in other words it introduces and describes the object. In Arabic syntax, tamiz is an indefinite noun that removes the ambiguity of “zat” (instance) and “nesbat” (relation). In old Persian grammars, this term has been equivalent with its meaning in Arabic syntax, but in new Persian texts, it is defined as object complement.<br> We are going to investigate properties of this grammatical function comprehensively and study its concept and terminology. Also we have no pretension to apply a particular liguistic theory, but we sometimes use the theory of valency in dependency grammar, because only some verbs need tamiz or object complement in their valenies.<br> There are these questions in the study: when the word, tamiz formed and by who? And what are equivalents of that? which is the most common word category of tamiz? Two hypotheses are related to those questions: the term of tamiz - in the meaning of object complement - is almost new in Persian grammar, and tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase.<span dir="RTL"></span><br> It can be said that the paper has two sections according to its purposes and questions. The first section is terminology of tamiz and the second one is analysing the data. In fact, the literature review shows the history of tamiz term. The data divides into two parts too; statistical reports and grammatical analyzings.<br> <br> 2. Literature Review<br> Tamiz in the meaning of object complement that has been studied in the article, is nearly a new concept. Perhaps Dr. Khayyampoor (1966) paid attention to the concept and used the object complement for the first time. Then Dr. Shariat (1994) used tamiz instead of object complement. After that, the topic of tamiz appeared in Persian grammars with a concise explanation and a few examples. Some grammarians have used the term of tamiz (e.g., Arzhang, 1996; Tabibzadeh, 2007, 2012; Anvari & Ahmadi Givi, 2012), some others have used terms like predicative complement of object (Meshkat al-Dini, 2014), predicate (Vahidian Kamyar & Emrani, 2005) or compelement (Farshidvard, 2005). Moreover, four independent articles have been written about tamiz in great detail. (Rasekh Mahand, 2005; Sayyadi & Monsefi, 2009; Tabibzadeh, 2010; Pashabadi et al., 2015).<br> <br> 3. Innovation<br> In this article, the terminology of tamiz has been discussed, and Persian grammars has been invesyigated histotically for this aim. The studies state that Dr. Khayyampoor paid attention to the concept of the object complement for the first time, and Dr. Shariat used the term of tamiz for this concept, then the other researchers followed him. The term is familiar and common in linguistic writings nowadays.<br> The present study is the first corpus-based research about tamiz that has been studied 701sentences in it. This paper presents exact number of word categoies of tamiz and states grammatical information about its different forms. At last, we have illustrated that there is not tamiz or object complement in the form of passive verbs.<br> <br> 4. Methodology<span dir="RTL"></span><br> For the first aim, terminology of tamiz, we studied Persian grammars according to a historiacal order. For the second purpose, analyzing the function of tamiz, we applied Persian Dependency corpus by the advance research section on Dadegan website (search.dadegan.ir/advance/). Everyone can search grammatical functions and word categories by this tool. The data was input to the Excel software, and linguistic information was classified by that. We have sometimes needed to know the valency of verbs to define tamiz, in these situations we have used valency dictionary. The dictionary has produced by Peykaregan Center, and it is available on this website: https: //peykaregan.ir.<br> <br> 5. Results<br> Tamiz is a common term in Arabic syntax, and the term with the same meaning has been stated in older Persian grammars, but the new concept of tamiz (object complement) had been neglected until this century. Perhaps for the first time, Dr. khayyampoor paid attention to the concept. Dr. Shariat prefered to call object complement tamiz, and then tamiz became common in perian texts. Linguists apply both of the terms, but professors and students of literature often use tamiz.<span dir="RTL"></span><br> Among Persian verbs, that which was getting used with tamiz more is “danestan” (to know), and in the second place verbs like “didan” (to see),“namidan” (to name), “shomordan” (to suppose) and “goftan” (to say) more than the others. Most of these verbs appear in different valencies, but some have just a unique structure which is ; verbs like “name” and “suppose” are so.<br> Tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase and in second place in the format of adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. It rarely appears in the format of pronoun and clause. Almost all tamizs have direct object (with “ra”: the grammatical marker of object), and a few have prepositional object. The object precedes the tamiz but tamiz is rarely followed by object, because of discourse reasons. Object is a necessary component of a sentence; so these verbs in passive form lose their tamiz but it has predicate except verbs like “yad shodan” (be reminded), “gofte shodan” (be said) and “etlagh shodan” (be predicated) which keep their object in passive form too, and the same object is named tamiz.<br> <strong>Table 1</strong>: The frequency of verbs and grammatical categories related to Tamiz <strong>verbs</strong> <strong>the number of sentences</strong> <strong>the number of tamizs in the noun phrase form</strong> <strong>the number of tamizs in the adjective phrase form</strong> <strong>the number of tamizs in the prepositional phrase form</strong> <strong>the number of tamizs in the clause form</strong> avaz dadan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> ehtesab kardan 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> erade kardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> arzyabi kardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> etlagh shodan 1 1<span dir="RTL"></span> elam kardan 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> engashtan 9<span dir="RTL"></span> 4<span dir="RTL"></span> 4<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> bazshomordan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> bazshenasi kardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> bang kardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> baravord kardan 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> barshomordan 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> bargozidan 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> be hasab avardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> be (dar) shomar avardan 10<span dir="RTL"></span> 7<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> pendashtan 12<span dir="RTL"></span> 4<span dir="RTL"></span> 8<span dir="RTL"></span> tashkhis dadan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> tasavvor kardan 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> tabir kardan 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 3<span dir="RTL"></span> tarif kardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> talaffoz kardan 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> talaghghi kardan 15<span dir="RTL"></span> 6<span dir="RTL"></span> 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 4<span dir="RTL"></span> talaghghi nemoodan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> tosif kardan 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 3<span dir="RTL"></span> ja andakhtan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> ja zadan 8<span dir="RTL"></span> 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> jelve dadan 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> hesab kardan 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> khetab kardan 11<span dir="RTL"></span> 6<span dir="RTL"></span> 4<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> khandan 13<span dir="RTL"></span> 8<span dir="RTL"></span> 6<span dir="RTL"></span> dashtan 11 11<span dir="RTL"></span> danestan 127<span dir="RTL"></span> 63<span dir="RTL"></span> 56<span dir="RTL"></span> 16<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> dar nazar avardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> dar nazar gereftan 4 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> didan 28<span dir="RTL"></span> 9<span dir="RTL"></span> 19<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> zekr kardan 1 1<span dir="RTL"></span> shomordan/shomardan 18 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 13<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> shenakhtan 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 3<span dir="RTL"></span> seda zadan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> onvan dashtan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> onvan kardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> farz kardan 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 4<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> fahmidan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> ghalamdad kardan 12<span dir="RTL"></span> 7<span dir="RTL"></span> 6<span dir="RTL"></span> gereftan 12<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 10<span dir="RTL"></span> goftan 16<span dir="RTL"></span> 13<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> gofte shodan 7<span dir="RTL"></span> 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> lehaz kardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> laghab dadan 7<span dir="RTL"></span> 7<span dir="RTL"></span> laghab gereftan 7<span dir="RTL"></span> 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> laghab nahadan 6<span dir="RTL"></span> 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> mahsoob dashtan 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> mahsoob kardan 7<span dir="RTL"></span> 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> moarrefi kardan 10<span dir="RTL"></span> 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 4<span dir="RTL"></span> mani kardan 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> nam bordan 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 5<span dir="RTL"></span> nam gozashtan/gozardan 7<span dir="RTL"></span> 8<span dir="RTL"></span> nam nahadan 8<span dir="RTL"></span> 7<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> namgozari kardan 7<span dir="RTL"></span> 3<span dir="RTL"></span> 4<span dir="RTL"></span> namidan 19<span dir="RTL"></span> 25<span dir="RTL"></span> neshan dadan 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 3<span dir="RTL"></span> negah kardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> negaristan 4<span dir="RTL"></span> 4<span dir="RTL"></span> nemayandan 4<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1 vanemood kardan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> vasf kardan 2<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> yad shodan 1<span dir="RTL"></span> 1<span dir="RTL"></span> yad kardan 5<span dir="RTL"></span> 5<span dir="RTL"></span> yaftan 10<span dir="RTL"></span> 10<span dir="RTL"></span> sum 69 495<span dir="RTL"></span> 260 180 72 7 <br> <br> <span>«تمیز» اصطلاحی است که در نحو عربی و فارسی کاربرد دارد. این اصطلاح در دستورهای قدیم‌ترِ فارسی معادل همان تمیز عربی است، اما به‌تدریج بیشتر برای متمم مفعول به‌کار رفته است، یعنی نقشی که ابهام را از مفعولِ فعل‌هایی مانند دانستن، نامیدن، پنداشتن و... می‌زداید. امروز در دستور فارسی بیشتر از «تمیز» همین معنا اراده می‌شود. </span><span>این گفتار نخست درپی آن است تا مشخص کند تمیز از کِی و از سوی چه کسی مصطلح شده است و این مفهوم چه معادل‌های دیگری دارد. </span><span>دوم آنکه توصیفی از تمیز و فعل و مفعولِ مرتبط با آن به‌دست دهد.</span> <span>در راستای هدف نخست کتب دستور زبان فارسی (مطابق نظمی تاریخی) مطالعه و برای تحقق هدف دوم از بررسی‌ای پیکره‌بنیاد بهره برده شد </span><span>که برخی از نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از آن چنین است: از میان این افعال فارسی فعل «دانستن» و سپس افعال دیدن، نامیدن، شمردن (شماردن) و گفتن، بیش از افعال دیگر با تمیز به‌کار رفته است. بیشترِ این افعال در ساخت‌های ظرفیتی متفاوتی ظاهر می‌شوند، اما برخی از آن‌ها تنها یک ساخت دارند و آن «فاعل، مفعول، تمیز» است، مانندِ نامیدن و محسوب کردن. تمیز عمدتاً در قالب گروه اسمی و سپس گروه صفتی و گروه حرف اضافه‌ای و به‌ندرت به‌شکل بند و ضمیر ظاهر می‌شود. نزدیک به تمام تمیزها با مفعول مستقیم و معدودی از آن‌ها با مفعول حرف اضافه‌ای می‌آیند. حضور مفعول در جمله به هر شکلی لازم است. به همین دلیل، شکل مجهول این افعال تمیز را از دست می‌دهند؛ به جز افعالی مانند یاد شدن، گفته شدن و اطلاق شدن که در حالت مجهول نیز مفعول حرف اضافه‌ای دارند.</span><br> https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_6895_7bcd91571fc1119e87d81e1054255e73.pdf