دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 09 23 Tension as an influential factor in the configuration of poetry تنش به مثابۀ عاملی موثر در پیکره‌بندی شعر 1 35 7534 10.48311/LRR.16.4.1 FA زهرا فرج‌زاده دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه اصفهان مسعود آلگونه جونقانی دانشیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه اصفهان Journal Article 1970 01 01 Tension, as one of the concepts proposed by formalist and structuralists, can lead to a structured whole in a literary work. Accordingly, the study of tension among the poetic components is of particular importance. However, it seems that despite the researches that deal with tension and its application in different texts, there is no systematic research which deals with tension and its structural factors. On the other hand, Manouchehr Atashi's poems have special features due to their stable structural framework, and a reading that can study the issue of tension and how it occurs in his poems seems necessary. Accordingly, in this research, we have tried to study tension and its structural factors in Manouchehr Atashi's poems with an analytical-descriptive analytical approach. Therefore, relying on the usual discourse, phenomenological discourse and deconstructive discourse, we deal with the tension and how it appears in Manouchehr Atashi's poems. In this way, first, by examining verses from classical literature, we explain the desired theoretical foundations, and finally, by constructivist reading, we extract tension and its constructive factors from some of Manouchehr Atashi's poems. In this study, it becomes clear that although at first glance, the elements of a literary work are not related to each other, but are in opposition to each other, but tension can be opposed to the elements in the whole unit and lead to It becomes structured as a whole. Thus, tension as a link between opposites in various forms leads to the configuration and structure of poetry. تنش از مفاهیم نقد فرمالیستی و ساخت‌‌گرایانه است که در اثر ادبی می‌تواند منتهی به کلیتی ساختارمند شود. بر همین اساس، بررسی تنش در مولفه‌های شعری اهمیت ویژه‌ای دارد. با این همه، به نظر می‌رسد علی‌رغم پژوهش‌هایی که متوجه تنش و کاربرد آن در متون مختلف هستند، پژوهش نظام‌مندی که به تنش و عوامل برسازندۀ آن بپردازد، در دست نیست. از سویی دیگر، اشعار منوچهر آتشی بنابر چارچوب ساختاری استوار خود، از ویژگی‌های خاصی برخوردار است و قرائتی که بتواند مسئله تنش و چگونگی بروز و ظهور آن را در اشعار وی بررسی کند ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. بر همین اساس، در این پژوهش کوشیده‌ایم با رویکردی تحلیلی‌توصیفی تنش و عوامل برسازندۀ آن را در اشعار منوچهر آتشی بررسی کنیم. بنابراین با تکیه بر گفتمان‌ معمول، گفتمان پدیدارشناختی و گفتمان ساختارشکنانه به تنش و چگونگی بروز و ظهور آن در اشعار منوچهر آتشی می‌پردازیم. به این ترتیب، نخست با بررسی ابیاتی از ادبیات کلاسیک، مبانی نظری مورد نظر را تبیین می‌کنیم و در نهایت با خوانش ساخت‌گرایانه، تنش و عوامل برسازندۀ آن را از برخی از اشعار منوچهر آتشی استخراج می‌کنیم. در این پژوهش روشن می‌شود که اگرچه در نگاه نخست آحاد و عناصر یک اثر ادبی در ارتباط با یکدیگر قرار ندارند، بلکه در تقابل با هم به سر می‌برند، اما تنش می‌تواند ضمن آنکه عناصر موجود در کل واحد را در تقابل یکدیگر قرار دهد و منتهی به کلیتی ساختارمند می‌شود. بنابراین تنش به مثابۀ پیوند میان اضداد در اشکال گوناگونی به پیکره‌بندی و ساختمندی شعر منتهی می‌شود.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_7534_cba2a355dc11678a805de3839a03e32d.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 04 21 Explanation of Polysemy in â-ak Suffixâ Derivations: A Cognitive-Typological Approach تبیین تنوعات معنایی‌ مشتقات «ـَ ‌‌ک»: رویکردی شناختی‌- رده‌شناختی 37 82 24010 10.48311/LRR.16.4.2 FA فاطمه بهرامی استادیار گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-0944-9707 Journal Article 1970 01 01 The derivational suffix “-ak” is one of the productive affixes in Persian, attached to different bases to create a variety of meanings. Historical evidence confirms that despite the diversity of meanings, all derivations originate from the same affix, exhibiting a high potential for polysemy. This article, following a cognitive-typological approach, aims to investigate the polysemous behavior of the aforementioned suffix while introducing the (sub)schemas of derivations within the framework of Construction Morphology. It also examines the processes of metaphor and metonymy as two bases involved in semantic extension. Furthermore, by considering the findings of the initial part alongside typological considerations, it explores the relationship between the cognitive processes involved in polysemy and the typological motivations that follow, namely, economy and iconicity. Additionally, it investigates how typological explanations, particularly the concept of semantic maps, are not only valid for cognitive linguists but can also address more specific issues, such as explaining the existence of polysemy within a single derivation. This study also confirms the Semantic Map Connectivity Hypothesis through derivations that simultaneously imply multiple meanings or have undergone changes in meaning over time. 1. Introduction The suffix “-ak” is added to nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial bases and creates nouns with various meanings of diminution, endearment, pejoration, instrument, and others. The acceptance of diverse hosts and the range of applications of such derivatives suggest that we are dealing with homonymous suffixes “-ak”. However, historical evidence confirms that all derivatives originate from a single suffix. Considering this issue, achieving the primary central meaning and outlining a pattern that can reflect this extensive semantic network are the considerations at hand. The author aims to explore the polysemy phenomenon of the mentioned suffix by adopting Construction Morphology framework. By introducing the (sub)schemas of the derivatives, the study will examine metaphor and metonymy processes as key strategies involved in this semantic expansion. Additionally, it will elucidate the relationship between the cognitive processes driving polysemy and the typological motivations underpinning them, namely economy and iconicity. The investigation also reveals that the typological explanation, particularly the concept of Semantic Map, not only aligns with the views of cognitivists but also explains the polysemous behavior in each derivation. 2. Literature Review Grammarians have identified various meanings for the suffix "--ak," which continues the same historical functions. These meanings include expressing diminution, endearment, pejoration, reduction and gradualness, similarity, relativity, instrument, place, and more (cf. Keshani, 1993, pp. 24-26; Anvari and Givi, 1999, pp. 296-297; Khanlari, 1998, p. 165; Farshidvard, 2007, pp. 347-373). However, none have considered the semantic relationships among the derivatives, limiting themselves to a non-comprehensive categorization. They fail to refer to certain functions, and sometimes, derivations categorized under different classes actually belong to the same category. The polysemy of Persian constructions has been investigated within the framework of Construction Morphology. Among others, Abbasi (2017) examined complex constructions in two frameworks of Lexical Morphology and Construction Morphology. Additionally, Azim Dokht et al. (2018) explored the semantic variations of compound words ending in the present stem of “jâb”, and Rafiei and Rezai (2019) studied the schemas of “-gar” derivatives. Bamshadi (2019), in his dissertation, addresses the processes of derivation and compounding in Persian. He has also produced other works adapted from his dissertation within the Construction Morphology framework. Bahrami Khorshid and Namdari (2019), Bahrami Khorshid and Ghandi (2020), and Bahrami Khorshid and Yazdani Moghadam (2021) have also investigated prefixed verbs, “-er” derivatives, and verbal derivational compounds using the same approach. However, the polysemy of the suffix “-ak” has not been examined from a linguistic perspective, and none of the existing studies have analyzed complex constructions applying a mixed cognitive-typological approach. 3. Methodology The derivatives of “-ak” have been extracted from the dictionaries of Dehkhoda (1980), Moin (1973), and Zansou (Keshani, 1993). Out of a total of 278 cases, obsolete words were ommited with the stipulation that no schema was removed. Through an internet search, additional hapaxes were identified and included in the list, resulting in a total of 185 derivations with the following frequencies. Table 1. semantic variation and the frequency of “-ak” suffix derivations meaning of derivation number diminution, endearment, pejoration 62 instrument/object name 48 plant name 18 place name 16 food name 15 animal name 12 body-part name 10 eventive noun 10 illness name 9 reduction, graduality, similarity 3 Phenomenon name 2 relative number 2 Total= 209 In instances where the derivation denotes multiple meanings simultaneously, one of these meanings may stem from the base word itself and not the affixation. For example, in “qarbilak” (wheel + diminutive affix -ak) and “šalvârak” (pants + diminutive affix -ak = shorts), the instrumental meaning originates from the base words. Therefore, only the diminutive meaning should be considered for the derivation. However, 18 derived words possess dual meanings. For instance, “nâxonak” refers both to an eye illness and to the act of handling food. These meanings are entirely independent of each other and both of them are considered. As a result, the total number of items listed in Table (1) reaches 209. Explaining the diversity of meanings requires considering not only the semantic commonalities of the derivations (as output) but also the semantic commonalities of the basic elements (as input). To achieve this objective, the present discussion is divided into two parts. The first section addresses the identification and introduction of the (sub)schemas of “-ak” derivations, focusing on the hierarchical relationships among them. Additionally, the metaphoric and metonymic relationships inherent in each (sub)schema, which serve as the foundation for semantic expansion, will be examined. The second section will introduce the conceptual space of the “-ak” derivations, paying careful attention to all meanings derived from the mother schema and its sub-schemas, while also evaluating the continuity of the semantic map. 4. Results The common aspect of the two concepts “resemblance” and “diminutive”, as the main functions of the diminutive affix in Indo-Iranian languages, is the expression of a “relation” between the base and the derived word. This indicates a degree of identity/proximity. Therefore, the primary schema in the highest level is as follows: <[[X]Ni,Adji,Advi –ak]Nj,Adjj,Advj [entity/property with identity/proximity relation to Xi]j]> Its primary heirs are the sub-schemas that differentiate this general relation into two aspects: “diminutive” and “similarity”, both of which are rooted in physical similarity. <[[X]Ni,Adji,Advi –ak]Nj,Adjj,Advj [relation R to the SEMi based on diminution]j]> <[[X]Ni,Adji,Advi –ak]Nj,Adjj,Advj [relation R to the SEMi based on similarity]j]> Figure 1. The First Level of Polysemy Network in –ak Suffix Derivations The diminutive relationship is based on overall appearance similarity, except for size. Consequently, the maximum similarity and the most iconic relationship between the base and the derivation is established. According to Table (1), the diminutive sub-schema is the most active in Persian. If the relationship of diminution expands from the objective domain (based on sensation) to the abstract domain (based on perception), encompassing both positive and negative perceptual-psychological diminution, it forms the basis for schematization of the meanings of “endearment” and “pejoration”. The underlying conceptual metaphors are “Delicate/gentle/lovely/pitiful, is small” and “Little/humble, is small” (cf. Jurafsky, 1996). Therefore, the main/neutral subschema is based on similarity, while the other two are based on conceptual metaphors. Additionally, our cognitive experiences establish a direct relationship between the concepts of diminution/smallness and diminution/graduation on one hand, and greatness and multiplicity/perfection on the other. What is achieved slowly and gradually is perceived as less and smaller; conversely, what is achieved entirely and completely is perceived as greater. This implies that a part of something is smaller or less than the whole.The conceptual metaphors “Big is complete” and “Small is incomplete” form the basis for acquiring this meaning. Moreover, the diminutive can be understood as indicating fewness. This implies a graduation in quantity, time, quality, and similar aspects. Thus, the meaning of gradual reduction can be inferred by adding “-ak” to the base. Hence, adjectives and adverbs related to quantitative and qualitative concepts can enhance the meaning of gradual reduction by “-ak” suffixation, thereby decreasing the intensity of the characteristic associated with the base word. Therefore, the subschemas of diminution are as follows: Figure 2. Polysemy Network of –ak Derivations in Diminution Subscheme The similarity subschemas can also be categorized into seven types: phenomenon name, disease name, tool name, food name, place name, event name, and relative number. The formation basis of each of the proposed subschemas was analyzed through the lens of metaphor and metonymy. Figure 3. Polysemy Network of –ak Derivations in Similarity Subscheme By summarizing the aforementioned contents, the semantic map of the “-ak” derivations is proposed as follows. In this semantic map, two conceptual subfields, “similarity” and “proximity”, are embedded, both of which can be summarized under the main title of “relation” within the macro conceptual space. It should be noted that in the proposed semantic map, it is not possible to determine the boundary between the two mentioned categories in an absolute and definitive way, as the low level of similarity enters the domain of proximity. Figure 4. Semantic Map of –ak Derivations in Persian The absence of a decisive demarcation will result in two direct consequences. Firstly, it permits derivations to correspond to multiple meanings (structural schemas) simultaneously. Secondly, derivations may gradually move to the adjacent schema, thereby undergoing a semantic shift and potentially becoming fixed in the secondary meaning. From a typological perspective, the phenomenon of polysemy satisfies both the motivations of economy and iconicity, and in fact, strengthens the tendency towards semantic expansion. Furthermore, by reducing the motivation of iconicity, the metaphorical processes involved in semantic expansion (upper right zone of the semantic map) tend to be replaced by metonymic processes (lower right and left zone of the semantic map). پسوند اشتقاقی «ـَ‏ک» به پایه‏های مختلف متصل می‏شود و معانی متنوعی حاصل می‏کند. شواهد تاریخی نشان می‏دهد علی‏رغم این تنوع رفتاری، تمامی مشتقات از وندی واحد، اما چندمعنا حاصل شده‏اند. نوشتۀ حاضر از رهیافت شناختی ‏ـ‏ رده‏شناختی پدیدۀ چندمعنایی پسوند مذکور را دنبال کرده و ضمن معرفی (زیر)طرح‌واره‏های ساختی مشتقات و تعیین روابط سلسله‏مراتبی آن‏ها در چارچوب صرف ساخت، به فرایندهای استعاره و مجاز به‌عنوان دو بستر دخیل در این گسترش معنایی پرداخته است و سپس با پیوند دستاوردهای بخش نخست با ملاحظات رده‏شناختی نشان می‏دهد چه ارتباطی میان فرایندهای شناختی دخیل در چندمعنایی و انگیزه‏های رده‏شناختی مترتب بر آن‏ها یعنی اقتصاد و تصویرگونگی برقرار است و چگونه تبیین‏های رده‏شناختی و به‌طور خاص مفهوم نقشۀ معنایی نه‌تنها صحه‏ای بر دیدگاه‏های شناخت‌گرایان است، بلکه علاوه بر توضیح چندمعنایی کلان مترتب بر وندافزایی «ـَ‏ک»، می‏تواند موضوعات خاص‏تری چون وجود چندمعنایی در درون خود یک مشتقِ منفرد را نیز تبیین کند. در این بررسی فرضیۀ پیوستگی نقشۀ معنایی درمورد مشتقاتی که توأمان بر بیش از یک معنا دلالت دارند، یا در طول زمان دستخوش تغییر معنا شده‏اند نیز تأیید می‏شود.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_24010_d9395b105f23926e3c4f09453e018893.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 04 21 Modern Consumer Technology at the Disposal of Totalitarian Politics: A Critical Analysis of Don DeLilloâs White Noise through the Theories of Adorno and Marcuse فناوری مصرفی مدرن در اختیار سیاست توتالیتر: تحلیل انتقادی رمان برفک اثردن دلیلو با تکیه بر آرای آدورنو و مارکوزه 83 107 24011 10.48311/LRR.16.4.3 FA صغرا نوده استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران. 0000-0002-5575-4016 Journal Article 1970 01 01 Modern societies employ the powerful instrument of technology as a sort of colonialization of the mind and, thus, implement control in a new manner in society. Replacing the dream of utopia in modern societies with a nightmare of anti-utopia, consumer technology creates a new space leading to the creation of a thoroughly totalitarian regime. Hence, such theorists as Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse believe that what scientific advances bring is not order but a kind of imitation and homogeneity of individuals within society as a result of which not only one’s awareness but also all man’s cultural inheritance and his manner of articulation become homogenized. In such societies, the propaganda of commodities upholds consumerism as an alternative to protest or revolt. Thus, mass consumption and mass culture set up the condition for totalitarianism through different systems of control, technology being one of which. Individuals in such societies will be seduced by the force of technology which brings about mass consumption and constructs passive submissive masses who lack a voice of their own. DeLillo in White Noise warns against how modern masses’ passive consumption of commodities will lead to inertia and how a consumer culture will diminish people’s social relationships and their sense of autonomy. Therefore, the present study aims at analyzing the way DeLillo’s novel urges readers to reconsider the way that consumer technology and mass cultural forces might affect individuals’ lives. The main finding of the research is that, through White Noise, DeLillo displays how totalitarian systems utilize modern consumer technologies and culture industries, including mass media, as agents of manipulation and indoctrination in order to discipline their subjects. 1. Introduction The modern society which formerly aimed towards “the destruction of the myth and mythical figures” now aims to the destruction of the individual through using technology in bringing about a consumer culture (Adorno 2006, 25). In Marcuse’s view, technology determines the order of society; through technology, the processes of culture, politics and industry are mixed bringing about a system that destroys human beings by interfering in different aspects of their lives. The influence of technology, according to Marcuse, develops to such areas as politics; consumerism in an industrial society will lead to obedience of the proletariat and will consequently lead to a denial of the class differences. Marcuse (1991) asserts that the human being has changed to a one-dimensional man with one aspect of technology in his life and the other aspects of his life have vanished. “Morality, language, culture, art and emotions are all influenced by the rule of technology” which has led to the creation of one-dimensional attitude of human beings and one-dimensional societies in which technology is the ruling force. Much in the same way, Don DeLillo’s White Noise depicts the way totalitarian and democratic capitalist forces utilize technology and industries brought about by the cultural advances of such societies to control and discipline their subjects. The major concern of DeLillo’s fiction is with the nature of modern science/technology and its uncanny influence on humans’ life. In the novel, one can see that the semiotic influence of technology causes the characters’ entrapment in the center of consumer culture advertised by Television, mass media, and other modern technologies. The novel portrays a world in which technology and consumerism generate a stranglehold across multiple aspects of life. Thus, the present research provides a neo-Marxist reading of DeLillo’s White Noise to illuminate the way new technologies and modern masses’ passive consumption of products of technology will lead to thoughtless conformity of the individuals and loss of their senses of identity, autonomy, and self-expression which are prerequisites to revolution against dictatorial and totalitarian governments. Research Question(s) The research questions can be formulated as follows: 1. How does DeLillo’s novel portray the way technology and mass cultural forces might affect individuals’ lives? 2. How do totalitarian regimes utilize modern technologies and culture industries, including mass media, as agents of manipulation and indoctrination to control their subjects? 2. Literature Review Ever since DeLillo’s White Noise was published, it attracted attention from various literary critics, who examined and analyzed the work from different critical perspectives. However, very few studies have approached this novel through a neo-Marxist lens and the ideas of Adorno and Marcuse. Thus, the present research aims to explore the use of consumer technology by totalitarian governments and its impact on character and behavior in White Noise, through employing the theories of these two neo-Marxist critics. However, here is a brief review of the studies that have analyzed Don DeLillo’s novel from various viewpoints. Frow (1990) analyzes DeLillo’s novel through Baudrillard’s theories. According to Frow, in contemporary society depicted in White Noise, simulacra has taken the place of real experiences due to the influence of mass media, including television, on human lives. A similar approach to White Noise can be found in John Duvall’s (1994) article entitled "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo’s White Noise." Lentricchia’s (1991) study also shows how modern technologies lead to the inability to distinguish reality from imagination, ultimately resulting in cultural imperialism. Osteen (1998) examines White Noise from a Marxist perspective, concluding that the novel investigates the "destructive effects of capitalism" on human life. Grigor (2016) analyzes the totalitarian capitalist society depicted in both American novels, exploring the impact of capitalist policies on characters’ identities, including those in DeLillo's White Noise. Szetela's (2018) study explores "the impact of advertising on characters’ perceptions and lifestyles," as well as the creation of fetishism in the contemporary world, particularly in DeLillo's novel. Considering the research background, it is evident that DeLillo's novel has been examined from various perspectives, addressing many questions. But the question of how totalitarian governments strive to create and develop modern consumer technologies—not for the benefit of their citizens but to subjugate them—has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this research will address how, in capitalist systems and totalitarian governments, modern consumer technologies become intertwined with politics to intensify consumerist behaviors, dominate consumer mentality, and undermine the individuality of consumers, stripping them of a rebellious and revolutionary mindset. 3. Methodology This research applies a neo-Marxist analysis of DeLillo’s White Noise through using Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's theories and critical terminologies, to analyze how DeLillo’s novel urges readers to reconsider the way technology and its cultural consequence, consumer culture, might affect individuals’ lives. 4. Results The results of this study show that totalitarian regimes, just like the one portrayed in DeLillo’s White Noise, use modern consumer technologies and culture industries, including mass media, as agents of manipulation to control their subjects. DeLillo’s White Noise illustrates symbolically how modern consumer technologies trap characters at the center of television consumerism. It depicts a world where contemporary technologies are employed to consumerize society, placing human beings in a stifling pressure and suffocating constraints in various aspects of their lives and robbing them of their capacity for revolutionary movement and protest. فناوری‌های مدرن ابزاری کارا برای استعمار ذهن‌ها به‌نظر می‌آیند. در حکومت‌های توتالیتر، رؤیای آرمان‌شهری که انسان‌ها انتظار داشتند با وجود این فناوری‌ها برایشان رقم خورد با کابوس ضدآرمان‌شهر جایگزین می‌‌شود. به عقیدۀ منتقدانی همچون آدورنو و مارکوزه، رهاورد پیشرفت‌های علمی برای افراد جامعه نظم نیست، بلکه همسان‌سازی و سرکوب آن‌هاست که به نابودی آگاهی و فردیتِ انسان‌ها، و درنتیجه از بین رفتن توان مقاومت و انقلاب در شهروندان آن جامعه منجر می‌شود؛ برای مثال، تبلیغ کالاها می‌توانند افکار مصرف‌گرایانه را جایگزین افکار انتقادی و پرسشگر در اذهان مردم کنند. فرهنگ مصرف انبوه و فرهنگ توده، شرایط ایدئال برای سلطه بر مردم است. افراد‌ این جوامع، معتاد به دنبال کردن رسانه‌های جمعی و مصرف مدام کالاها خواهند بود، که این به خلق توده‌ای منفعل منجر می‌شود که صدایی از آنِ خود ندارد. رمان برفکِ دُن‌دلیلو به ما هشدار می‌دهد که چگونه هم‌دستی فناوری‌های مصرفی مدرن و بازار، به سکون افراد منجر می‌شود و فرهنگ مصرف‌گرایی منتهی به از بین رفتن احساس استقلال در انسان‌ها. هدف پژوهش‌ حاضر این است که با بهره‌گیری از آرای آدورنو و مارکوزه به تحلیل رمان برفکِ اثر دن‌دلیلو بپردازد تا کیفیت کنترل‌گرایانۀ فناوری‌ها و صنایع مصرفی مدرن بر فردیتِ افراد را مطالعه کند. براساس یافته‌های این پژوهش، رمان برفک منعکس‌کنندۀ روش‌های مختلفی است که نظام‌های سرمایه‌داریِ توتالیتر از صنایع مدرن و فرهنگی به‌عنوان سیاستی برای اعمال نفوذ بر اشخاص استفاده می‌کنند تا آن‌ها را به انسان‌هایی مطیع و منفعل تبدیل سازند.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_24011_2baec31fde8a031a2b64ca6254f8726c.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 09 23 Metaphorical Conceptualization of "Marriage" in Persian Based on Cultural Linguistics مفهوم‌سازی استعاری "ازدواج" در زبان فارسی بر پایه زبان‌شناسی فرهنگی 109 142 7537 10.48311/LRR.63064 FA مرضیه فرقانی فرد دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی شهلا رقیب دوست دانشیار گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی Journal Article 1970 01 01 I can't paste the abstract here. I don't know why. I send that as attachment file. بررسی مفهومسازیهای استعاری و دستیابی به شناخت فرهنگی سخنگویان یک جامعه زبانی، باعث درک عمیق فرهنگ حاکم بر جامعه میگردد و این مهم، نقش بسزایی در تفسیر و تعبیر درست گفتمانها و بهبود روابط بینافرهنگی دارد. این مقاله، برپایه زبانشناسی فرهنگی شریفیان (2017) و با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و پیکرهمدار، به بررسی مفهومسازیهای استعاری “ازدواج” در زبان فارسی پرداخته است. مدت زمان 98 ساعت برنامههای ترکیبی چالشی تلویزیونی که با موضوع ازدواج و با حضور جوانان تهیه شده بودند، به‌عنوان پیکره پژوهش انتخاب گردید. به منظور محدودکردن دامنه پژوهش، سه مقوله «خواستگاری»، «نامزدی» و «ازدواج» از پیکره انتخاب و سپس طرحوارهها و استعارههای فرهنگی مربوط به هر مقوله بررسی شده است. طبق یافتهها، «ازدواج مبارزه است»، «ازدواج شراکت است»، «ازدواج مسیر است»، «ازدواج ساختمان است»، «ازدواج قمار است»، «ازدواج قرارداد است»، «ازدواج نیرو است» و «ازدواج معامله است» بهترتیب پرکاربردترین مفهومسازیهای استعاری ازدواج در زبان فارسی هستند. اگرچه برخی از این استعارهها در پژوهشهای مشابه در زبانهای دیگر مانند انگلیسی و چینی نیز عنوان شده است، اما بررسی دادهها نشان میدهد که رد پای فرهنگ در عبارتهای زبانی دربرگیرنده این استعارهها در زبان فارسی کاملاً مشهود است. به عبارت دیگر مفهومسازیهای استعاری ازدواج در زبان فارسی به روشنی بازتابدهنده انگاره فرهنگی ازدواج در جامعه فارسیزبان هستند. نتایج این پژوهش میتواند در پژوهشهای علوم اجتماعی، تهیه و تدوین متون آموزش زبان فارسی به غیرفارسیزبانان و تعیین خطمشیها و اولویتهای تولیدات رسانهای سودمند باشد.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_7537_256bf8e6923a52fda8ddf7dc050a1148.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 09 23 The efficacy of Semiotic and interactive model of Landowski in the analysis of Surah Yusuf discourses کارآیی نظام های معنایی و تعاملی لاندوفسکی در تحلیل گفتمان‌های داستان سوره یوسف(ع) 143 176 7538 10.48311/LRR.16.4.5 FA سید سجاد غلامی استادیار گروه الهیات دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه یاسوج کاوس روحی برندق دانشیار گروه علوم قرآن و حدیث دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران Journal Article 1970 01 01 Eric Landowski's semantic and interactive system based on four paradigms of "planning"; "Persuasion"; "Accident and adaptation" is based on the principles of "regularity", "intention", "chance" and "emotional", respectively. Naturally, it is possible to implement this model in epistemological and religious fields in which it is compatible with the interactive practices of the subjects, and based on this, the variety and difference of religious personality practices can be read with this model. Contract. One of the discourses in the Holy Quran is the conversations and interactive practices of Prophet Yusuf with other people in the surah. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to examine the dialogues and interactive practices of Yusuf's story based on the theoretical framework of Eric Landowski and to explain the relationship between this model and the characters of Surah Yusuf. The general result of the research shows that the subjects and interactive practices are distinguished from each other on the basis of four semantic systems, and each of the characters in the story is adapted based on one of the four semantic systems. Is interception; Among them: It is the interactive practices of Prophet Yusuf (AS) that are based on the type of insight and ideology of the origin and destination of the universe, within the framework of the programmatic semantic system, and other characters are also based on the type of insight and goals. Which follow are debatable and applicable in one or two types of this semantic system. نظام معنایی و تعاملی اریک لاندوفسکی بر اساس چهار الگوی «برنامهمداری»؛ «مجاب سازی»؛ «تصادف و تطبیق» بنا شده است که به ترتیب بر اساس اصول «قاعده مندی»، «نیت مندی»، «شانس» و «امر احساسی» تعریف شده است. طبیعتاً امکان پیاده سازی این الگو در حوزه های معرفتی و دینی وجود دارد که در آنها با پراتیکهای تعاملی سوژهها قابل انطباق است و بر این اساس میتوان تنوع و تفاوت پراتیکهای شخصیتی دینی با این الگو مورد خوانش قرار داد. از گفتمانهایی که در قرآن کریم وجود دارد، گفتگوها و پراتیکهای تعاملی حضرت یوسف با دیگر اشخاص سوره است. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و با با تکیه برچارچوب نظری اریک لاندوفسکی، گفتوگوها و پراتیکهای تعاملی داستان یوسف را مورد بررسی قرار داده و ارتباط میان این الگو و شخصیتهای سوره یوسف را تبیین کرده است. دستآورد کلی پژوهش نشان میدهد که سوژهها و پراتیکهای تعاملی براساس چهار نظام معنایی به صورت بیناتعریفی از یکدیگر تشخیص داده میشوند و هر کدام از شخصیتهای داستان بر اساس یکی از چهار نظام معنایی قابل انطباق و رهگیری است؛ ازجمله: پراتیکهای تعاملی حضرت یوسف(ع) است که بر اساس نوع بینش و ایدئولوژی که به مبدأ و مقصد هستی دارد، در چارچوب نظام معنایی برنامهمدار قرار میگیرد و دیگر شخصیتها نیز بر اساس نوع بینش و اهدافی که دنبال میکنند در یک یا دو نوع از این نظام معنایی قابل بحث و انطباقاند.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_7538_b8dd669b1ae9049e3101e504cfa86911.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 04 21 Teomparative Study of the Thematic Structure of One Poem of Rumi's Masnavi and its English Translation Based on Halliday's Functional Theory بررسی مقایسه‌ای ساخت موضوعی شعری از مثنوی مولوی و ترجمۀ انگلیسی آن براساس نظریۀ نقش‌گرای هلیدی 177 212 24012 10.48311/LRR.16.4.6 FA زهره آسوده دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. مرضیه صناعتی استادیار زبانشناسی، پژوهشکده زبانشناسی، کتیبه ها و متون، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری،تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-3506-199X طاهره ایشانی دانشیار ادبیات، پژوهشکدۀ زبان و ادبیات، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران فاطمه سیدابراهیمی نژاد استادیار گروه زبان انگلیسی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 1970 01 01 This study aims to investigate to what extent the translator has reflected the function of source text in the system of target text, and has followed the style of source text in conveying the meaning. The authors used a descriptive-analytical method based on the Systemic Functional Approach of Halliday and Matthiessen. They aimed to compare the thematic structure of one poem in Rumi's Masnavi and its English translation. According to Halliday's model, the application frequency of topical and multiple themes as well as the marked and unmarked types in the clauses of two poems were calculated. The translator has been successful in translating 90% of the clauses containing unmarked themes and has been less successful in translating 66.6% of the clauses with marked themes and in conveying the meaning and emphasis intended by the author because of not considering the style of source text in theme markedness. Considering Halliday’s Approach of Equivalence in Translation, similarity in using the theme types in source and translation texts can indicate translator's adherence to the style of source text in conveying the textual meaning and achieving functional equivalence in translation process. 1. Introduction The accelerated advancement of science and technology in today’s world has turned translation into a vital tool for accessing cultural knowledge and enhancing intercultural communication. Since the main purpose of translation is to transfer meaning to the target text and from there to the audience, a significant part of the process of comparing the original text with its translations is dedicated to examining whether the function of the source text has been preserved in the target system. Given this crucial issue, finding a linguistic framework that enables the translator to accomplish the mission of meaning transfer more successfully is of great importance. Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics with its special emphasis on three layers of meaning (experiential, interpersonal, and textual) provides an efficient framework for analyzing the text and achieving a more accurate transfer of meaning from the source language to the target language. On the other hand, Rumi’s Masnavi is one of the great literary and cultural masterpieces of Iran which has been translated into various languages, especially English. One of the most recent translations of Masnavi is the poetic translation by Mojaddedi (2004). In this study, the authors intend to conduct a comparative analysis of the thematic structure within the textual metafunction framework of Halliday and Matthiessen, focusing on selected verses from the first book of Masnavi and its English translation by Mojaddedi. Using Halliday’s context-based approach to translation as a method for evaluating the translation, the research aims to assess the status of the English rendition. Since meaning cannot be realized without structure, it must first be organized. The thematic structure of a text shows how the author’s intended ideas are presented and how elements are linked. Research Question(s) The study aims to answer the following research questions: 1. According to Halliday’s Functional Theory, how were the theme types used in this poem of Masnavi and its translation? 2. Considering the comparative analysis of thematic structure in the source and target texts, what changes occurred in the textual meaning of the translated text? And to what extent has the translator been successful in transferring the concepts? 2. Literature Review Due to the wide range of studies conducted in systemic functional linguistics and the interdisciplinary nature of the present study, the relevant literature is categorized into three areas: 2.1. Studies Related to SFL Bayat (2016) showed that women preferred simple Themes in Persian writing, while the use of complex Themes increased with higher education levels. Darabi et al. (2020) found that the textual metafunction played a key role in cohesion within ESP textbooks and that author nationality was not a suitable criterion for textbook selection. 2.2. Studies Related to Literature Safarzadeh (2010) confirmed the potential of SFL to distinguish stylistic features in different poetic texts. Eshani and Rezaei Laksar (2016) reported a higher frequency of compound Themes in authentic Khayyam quatrains and more marked Themes in the attributed ones. Mostafavi and Sanati (2016), in their analysis of “Nimkat-e-Roberoo,” noted that the frequent use of material processes reflected the narrative style of the story. They also classified zero subject pronouns as unmarked Themes, consistent with Persian’s syntactic tendency to omit subjects at the beginning of clauses. Khatibi and Alavi-Moghaddam (2017) observed a higher occurrence of textual Themes than interpersonal ones and classified Zero subject pronouns as unmarked Themes. 2.3. Studies Related to Translation Zecquan (2003) presented Halliday’s register variables (field, tenor, and mode) as effective tools for evaluating translation quality. Manfredi (2011) demonstrated the pedagogical value of SFL in both analytical and practical aspects of translation instruction. Najafi Dehkordi (2018) found that most errors in Persian Translations of MA students occurred in transferring ideational meaning, then in interpersonal and textual ones, confirming the usefulness of Halliday’s three-level meaning model in translation training and assessment quality. The innovation of the present study is applying Halliday and Matthiessen’s systemic functional theory to analyze the thematic structure of selected verses from Rumi’s Masnavi and their corresponding English translation. By focusing on textual meaning and the translator’s adherence to the source text’s style, the study provides practical implications for translation analysis evaluation, and instruction. 3. Methodology This descriptive-analytical study applies Halliday and Matthiessen’s model of SFL to compare thematic structures in persian verses from the first book of Rumi’s Masnavi and their English translation by Mojaddedi. The Persian text was interpreted using Zamani¢s commentary (2019). The research procedure was as follows: first, the Persian verses and their English translation were divided into their constituent clauses. Then, the types of Themes used in each Persian clause and its corresponding English translation were identified, based on Halliday’s classification, considering whether they were simple or complex, marked or unmarked. A comparative analysis was then conducted for each pair of clauses. In the final step, the overall frequency of Theme types in the source and target texts was compared. Based on Halliday’s functional equivalence approach in translation, the translator’s success in maintaining functional balance related to thematic structure and achieving maximum transfer of textual meaning was evaluated. 4. Results Based on the conducted analyses, it can be concluded that Halliday’s textual metafunction is applicable as a tool for text analysis in the Persian language. According to the findings, experiential Themes account for 93.75% of the clauses in the original Persian poem and 81.25% in the English translation. The frequency of compound Themes was 1 in the Persian text and 3 in the translation. All four instances were Type I and unmarked compound Themes. Only 37.5% of experiential Themes in the original and 18.75% in the translation were marked. The remaining Themes were unmarked. The 12.5% decrease in experiential Themes in the translation indicates that the translator, in some cases, rendered experiential Themes as compound Themes. The translator preserved 90% of the unmarked Themes from the original text in the translation. This indicates a successful transfer of meaning in those lines. However, in 66.6% of the cases, the translator rendered marked Themes from the source text as unmarked in the translation. This shift resulted in the loss of the textual emphasis originally intended by the author. These findings highlight that the translator’s lack of attention to the author's use of Theme types leads to shifts in functional realization and can alter the textual meanings associated with thematic structure and markedness. It limits the achievement of functional equivalence. Awareness of source text structure is essential in translating literary works like Rumi’s Masnavi, where accurate meaning transfer is especially critical مسئلۀ تحقیق این است که مترجم تا چه حد کارکرد (نقش) متن مبدأ را در نظام متن مقصد، حفظ و از سبک متن مبدأ در انتقال معنا تبعیت کرده است؟ پژوهش براساس نقش‏گرایی نظام‏مند هلیدی و متیسن و با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی انجام شد. هدف نگارندگان این بود که در چارچوب فرانقش‏ متنی، به بررسی مقایسه‏ای ساخت موضوعی در متون شعری از دفتر اول مثنوی مولوی و ترجمۀ انگلیسی آن از جاوید مجدِّدی بپردازند و به سؤالات زیر پاسخ دهند: 1. بر اساس نظریۀ نقش‏گرای هلیدی، انواع آغازگر در متون این شعر مثنوی مولوی و ترجمۀ انگلیسی آن کدامند؟ 2. با توجه به تحلیل مقایسه‏ای ساخت موضوعی در متون مبدأ و مقصد، چه تغییراتی در معنای متنی شعر ترجمه، رخ داده و مترجم تا چه حد در انتقال مفاهیم، موفق بوده است؟ مطابق مدل هلیدی، بسامد کاربرد آغازگر‏های تجربی و مرکب و نیز فراوانی انواع نشان‏دار و بی‏نشان آن‏ها در بند‏های شعر مثنوی و متن ترجمه‏ محاسبه شدند. مترجم در ترجمۀ 90 درصد از بندهای حامل آغازگر بی‏نشان، موفق بوده است، ولی در ترجمۀ 6/66 درصد از موارد بندهای حامل آغازگر نشان‏دار، با عدم رعایت سبک متن مبدأ در نشان‏داری آغازگر، و ترجمۀ آن‏ها به بندهایی بی‏نشان، در انتقال معنا و تأکید مورد نظر نویسنده، موفقیت کم‌تری داشته است. بر اساس دیدگاه «معادل نقش‏بنیاد هلیدی در ترجمه»، شباهت در به‏کارگیری انواع آغازگر در متن مبدأ و ترجمه، می‏تواند نشان‌دهندۀ تبعیت مترجم از سبک متن مبدأ در انتقال معنای متنی در مسیر نیل به معادل کارکردی در ترجمه باشد.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_24012_907781cf76579f09be5b3697c14733b8.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 09 23 The analysis of speech act and its transformation in Persian Mirajnamehs based on borrowing approach تحلیل کنش گفتار و گشتارهای آن در معراج‌نامه‌های فارسی با رویکرد اقتباسی 213 242 7540 10.48311/LRR.70901 FA ابراهیم خدایار استاد دانشگاه تربیت مدرس سمیرا شفیعی پژوهشگر پسادکتری تربیت مدرس Journal Article 1970 01 01 Mirajnamehs are narrative poetry that refer specifically to the Ascension of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The creators of these poetic texts have composed their works by imitating or slightly changing the prior ones. Following the approach of Searle’s speech act and Genet’s hypertextuality, the analytical –descriptive method, and library research tools, this article explores the structural and linguistic interplay of Mirajnamehs. It was hypothesized that the poetic texts were hypertextually connected and the contemporary narrators consciously followed the prior narrators in composing their poems. Examining 26 similar sequences indicated that not only the works of Sanai and Khaqani with 17 subordinate poets were hypotexts of other texts, but also Sanai, Qawwami, Akhsikati and Molana were not subordinate to other poets; moreover, it clarified that contemporary poets had a greater tendency for the change rather than the imitation; in addition, it revealed that the quantitative generative transformation of the aesthetic expansion type as well as the applied transformation of the qualitative internal type had a higher frequency; furthermore, it showed that the most diverse speech acts were those of Helali and the most frequent ones belonged to Khajoo. All things considered, detailing, adding figures of speech and act episodes and actors, description, educational and moral discussions, creating a contrast between two concepts or characters, creating dialogues and using auxiliary characters were the reasons for the high frequency of speech acts in similar sequences. معراج‌نامه‌ها متونی روایی هستند که به طور اخصّ به سیر ملکوتی پیامبر (ص) اطلاق می‌شوند. پدیدآورندگان این متون، آثارشان را با تقلید یا اندکی تغییر از متون متقدّم سروده‌اند. در این مقاله، با رویکرد کنش گفتار سرل و بیش‌متنیّت ژنت، و روش تحلیلی - توصیفی، به بررسی تأثیر و تأثّر ساختاری و زبانیِ معراج‌نامه‌ها می‌پردازیم. فرض بر این است که ارتباط این متون، بیش‌متنی است و راویان متأخّر به صورت آگاهانه در سرودن اشعارشان به راویان متقدّم نظر داشته‌اند. با بررسی 26 پی‌رفت مشابه به این نتیجه رسیدیم که آثار سنایی و خاقانی با 17 شاعر تابع، پیش‌متن سایر متون بوده‌ و سنایی، قوّامی، اخسیکتی و مولانا تابع دیگر شاعران نبوده‌اند. تغییر نسبت به تقلید در شاعران متأخّر بیشتر بوده، گشتار کمّی افزایش از نوع گسترش زیبایی‌شناختی و گشتار کاربردی از نوع کیفی درونی بسامد بالاتری داشته است. متنوّع‌ترین کنش‌های گفتاری از آنِ هلالی و پربسامدترین مربوط به خواجو است. دلایل بسامد بالای کنش‌های گفتاری در پی‌رفت‌های مشابه عبارتند از: بیان جزئیّات، افزودن آرایه و اپیزود کنشی و کنشگران، توصیف، طرح مباحث تعلیمی و اخلاقی، ایجاد تقابل بین دو مفهوم یا شخصیت، گفتگوسازی و استفاده از شخصیت‌های کمکی.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_7540_a9fb9e6ef40426e9add520623d521ab8.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 04 21 Reforming the System of Teaching and Learning Arabic as a Second Language in Iran; An Attempt to Provide an Optimal Model اصلاح سیستم آموزش و یادگیری زبان عربی به‌عنوان زبان دوم در کشور ایران؛ تلاش برای ارائۀ یک الگوی بهینه 243 269 24013 10.48311/LRR.16.4.10 FA مجید دمرچلی دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات عرب، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران سیدبابک فرزانه استاد زبان و ادبیات عرب، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. مرضیه قلی تبار استادیار زبان و ادبیات عرب، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 1970 01 01 Teaching and learning Arabic is of particular importance from a religious and legal perspective in Iran. Therefore, it is essential to always maintain the status of this language both domestically and internationally. The aim of this study is to present a model for reforming the system of teaching and learning Arabic as a second language by identifying the obvious and hidden factors affecting it, as well as identifying the obstacles to this issue. The basis for collecting information was based on qualitative methods, and in particular, structured interviews with 10 professors of sociology of language. The analysis of the collected data was carried out using the qualitative content analysis method. The (AHP) model and (Expert Choice) software were also used to weight the research components The results of this article show that the tendency to teach and learn Arabic as a second language is strongly influenced by basic factors such as social, psychological, and economic factors. The AHP coefficient was obtained for social indicators (0.403), psychological indicators (0.364) and economic indicators (0.234). The results also show that the obstacles and bottlenecks facing the process of teaching and learning a second language in Iran were identified and classified in order of importance in six areas: legal obstacles, political obstacles, structural obstacles, social obstacles, cultural obstacles and economic obstacles. These results provided the direction and direction of the optimal model of teaching and learning a second language, especially Arabic, by removing the obstacles and bottlenecks in order of priority and with a comprehensive view. 1. Introduction One of the most important ways of progress and sometimes the only way to keep up with the different aspects of life in the process of globalization is the element of education, which is used in different ways by different countries. The main tool of the element of education is language, which enables the transfer of complex mental concepts in the simplest and most complete form possible. In the meantime, learning a second language, which was considered a personal decision in the past, has become an inevitable part of education for most users with its entry into the educational system of many countries from the lower levels. The category of learning a second language has characteristics that make it distinct from the first language and in this regard, it causes its increasing importance. First, learning a second language is easily influenced by numerous social factors, dominant cultural ideas, geopolitical factors, and dominant attitudes towards language. Second, learning a second language improves the ability of individuals to focus on communication, because each language depicts the world in a different way. Third, learning a second language leads to the adoption of a new cultural perspective appropriate to that language by users, which contributes to globalization thinking. Finally, learning a second language enhances brain function and stimulates individual creativity, and thus various cognitive variables are formed in individuals as a result of language acquisition. Research Questions: The main questions of this research can be formulated as follows: 1. What are the obvious and hidden factors affecting the quality of second language teaching and learning, especially Arabic, in Iran? 2. What challenges and obstacles does the second language teaching and learning system in general and the Arabic language in particular face in Iran? 3. What model can be presented for the optimal performance of second language teaching and learning, especially Arabic, in Iran? 2. Literature Review This article required a method that would go beyond the surface layers and address the underlying layers of the main research problem. For this purpose, the use of qualitative methods, and specifically in-depth interviews with informants in the relevant field, was put on the agenda. The analysis of the information obtained from the interviews was carried out through the method of directional qualitative content analysis. The method of determining the sample size and selecting the samples was carried out using theoretical saturation and snowball methods, respectively. The (AHP) model was used to evaluate and weight the components obtained from the interviews. 3. Methodology The work process was as follows: First, based on the theoretical model of the research, 10 professors in the field of sociology of language were interviewed in order to identify the factors affecting the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of second language teaching and learning as well as the existing and future obstacles and bottlenecks in second language teaching and learning. Then, the text of the interviews conducted with the aforementioned individuals was converted into meaning units based on the qualitative content analysis method, and finally, sub-categories and final categories were obtained in both areas of study. Next, in order to prioritize and assess the effectiveness of the above components, the above professors were asked to rate them based on the AHP model. The scores obtained were entered into the Expert Choice software and the final weight of the components was obtained. Finally, based on the total results obtained, the final model was presented to improve the second language teaching and learning system, especially the Arabic language. 4. Results The findings of this article in general showed that as long as the underlying and basic issues in various social, economic, and psychological domains remain strong, the process of teaching and learning a second language, especially Arabic, in the country will face numerous shortcomings, which requires avoiding superficiality and employing in-depth methods and critical analyses in addressing such issues. By using such insight, the present article distinguished itself from other research conducted in this field. The initial results of this article showed that the process of teaching and learning a second language, especially Arabic, in Iran is influenced by various social, economic, and psychological dimensions. In the social domain, parental education, family social class, individuals' political attitudes, language skills, parental expectations, peer influences, teacher's academic and personality characteristics, and individuals' age were identified as mediating variables. In the economic domain, components such as parents' employment status, income status, economic capability, unemployment, assets, language learning costs, the country's economic status, and the economic outlook on the second language were identified, and in the psychological domain, variables such as sense of competence, meaningfulness, freedom of action, self-confidence, self-esteem, sense of independence, personal talent, and intelligence were discovered and quantified. The above-mentioned items were raised in response to the first question of this study. The results of the findings in response to the second question show that the extracted barriers in relation to teaching and learning a second language, especially Arabic, in Iran were identified and classified in order of importance in six areas: legal barriers, political barriers, structural barriers, social barriers, cultural barriers, and economic barriers in Iran. آموزش و یادگیری زبان عربی از منظر دینی و قانونی در کشور ایران اهمیت خاصی دارد. از این رو ضروری است که همواره جایگاه این زبان چه در عرصۀ داخلی و چه در عرصۀ بین‏المللی حفظ شود. هدف این مقاله ارائۀ الگویی برای اصلاح سیستم آموزش و یادگیری زبان عربی به‌عنوان زبان دوم با تکیه بر شناسایی عوامل پیدا و پنهانِ تأثیرگذار بر آن و نیز شناخت موانع پیش‏روی این مسئله است. مبنای گردآوری اطلاعات بر روش‏های کیفی و به‌طور ویژه انجام مصاحبه‏های ساختمند با 10 نفر از استادان جامعه‏شناسی زبان استوار بوده است. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‏های گردآوری‌شده با استفاده از فرایند روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی انجام یافته است. از مدل (AHP) و نرم‏افزار (Expert Choise) نیز جهت وزن‏بندی مؤلفه‏های پژوهش استفاده به عمل آمده است. نتایج حاصل از این مقاله نشان می‏دهد که گرایش به آموزش و یادگیری زبان عربی به‌عنوان زبان دوم به شدت تحت تأثیر عوامل مبنایی همچون عوامل اجتماعی، روانی و اقتصادی قرار دارد. مقدار ضریب AHP برای شاخص‏های اجتماعی (0.403)، شاخص‏های روانی (0.364) و شاخص‏های اقتصادی (0.234) به‌دست آمد. نتایج همچنین نشان می‏دهد که موانع و تنگناهای پیش‏روی فرایند آموزش و یادگیری زبان دوم در کشور ایران به ترتیب اهمیت در شش حوزۀ موانع حقوقی، موانع سیاسی، موانع ساختاری، موانع اجتماعی، موانع فرهنگی و موانع اقتصادی شناسایی و طبقه‏بندی شدند. این نتایج سمت و سوی الگوی بهینۀ آموزش و یادگیری زبان دوم به‌ویژه زبان عربی را با رفع موانع و تنگناها به ترتیب اولویت و با نگاهی همه‏جانبه، فراهم کرد.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_24013_e7758fe5b033ed143e73a3cbafa3ff2f.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 09 23 A pragmatic study of the techniques of pilgrims in the Proverbs of Nahj al-Balaghah خوانش کاربردشناختی تکنیک های برهان ورزی در ضرب المثل های نهج البلاغه 271 304 7542 10.48311/LRR.16.4.9 FA حسین رجبی علا دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه بوعلی سینا سید مهدی مسبوق استاد دانشگاه بوعلی سینا سید حسن فاتحی استادیار دانشگاه بوعلی سینا Journal Article 1970 01 01 The pragmatics is one of the main branches of linguistics that considers discourse coherence as the result of interaction between language users and text context. Hence, its subject is the study of the ability to use language and to construct context-related sentences to show how speech makes sense in situations. The pragmatics of language studies the meaning that the speaker conveys and the listener or reader interprets. In the meanwhile, protest and argumentation is a process of linguistic communication that the speaker uses in order to change the attitude and point of view of the audience and in the direction of the desired goals, makes his thought pursue and in this process of techniques and methods Benefits variety. In the present article, the techniques of argumentation were criticized and analyzed in a number of Nahj al-Balaghah proverbs in order to obtain a more accurate reading and understanding of these proverbs. To conduct this research, 95 samples of proverbs in which protest techniques were more common were analyzed based on the book (Al-Amthal wa Al-Hakam Al-Mustakhrajah) written by Mohammad Al-Gharavi. The results showed that Imam Ali (AS) by maintaining the laws of language evolution, in order to persuade and persuade his audience, from a variety of linguistic-rhetorical strategies, methods of persuasion, quasi-logical structures, rhetorical approaches, preaching, simile, allegory, irony and metaphor. Has used and artistically presented his desired moral, social and political concepts in the form of words that express the linguistic and cognitive ability of Amir Bayan (AS). کاربردشناسی زبان از شاخههای اصلی زبانشناسی است که انسجام گفتمانی را حاصل تعامل کاربران زبان و بافت متن می داند؛ از این رو موضوع آن مطالعه توانایی و قابلیتهای استفاده از زبان و ساختن جملات مرتبط با بافت است تا نشان دهد که چگونه گفتار در موقعیتها معنا می یابد. کاربردشناسی زبان به مطالعه معنا میپردازد؛ معنایی که گوینده آن را منتقل میکند و شنونده یا خواننده آن را تفسیر میکند. در این میان احتجاج و برهانورزی فرایندی ارتباطی- زبانی است که متکلم در راستای تغییر نگرش و دیدگاه مخاطب آن را بهکار میگیرد و در جهت اهداف موردنظر، اندیشه وی را به تکاپو وا میدارد و در این فرایند از فنون و شیوههای گوناگونی بهره میگیرد. در جستار پیشرو شگردهای برهانورزی در شماری از ضربالمثلهای نهجالبلاغه مورد نقد و تحلیل قرار گرفت تا از این رهگذر خوانش و فهم دقیقتری از این امثال به دست آید. برای انجام این پژوهش تعداد 95 نمونه از مَثَلهایی که تکنیکهای برهانورزی در آنها دارای فراوانی بیشتری بودند، بر اساس کتاب «الأمْثالُ وَ الحِکَمُ المُسْتَخْرَجَهُ» نوشته محمد الغروی، مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که امام علی(ع) ضمن توجه به قوانین تطور زبان، در جهت اقناع و متقاعدسازی مخاطب، از انواع راهبردهای زبانی- بلاغی، روشهای اقناع، ساختارهای شبه منطقی، رویکردهای بلاغی، موعظه، تشبیه، کنایه، تمثیل و استعاره بهره جسته و به صورت هنرمندانه، مفاهیم اخلاقی، اجتماعی و سیاسی مورد نظر خویش را در قالب واژگان مطرح نموده که بیانگر توانش زبانی و کاربردشناختی امیر بیان (ع) است.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_7542_2a8a8bde56a1a353f4e5fdd641f0b199.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 04 21 A Semio-semantics of "Ezat and Zelat" in the Quranic Story of Joseph (A.S) Based on Greimas's Semiotic Square نشانه معنا‌‌شناسی «عزّت و ذلّت» در داستان قرآنی یوسف (ع) براساس الگوی مربع معنایی گریماس 305 338 24014 10.48311/LRR.16.4.8 FA آزاده عباسی دانشیار گروه قرآن - دانشگاه قرآن و حدیث، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-9779-0322 فاضله میرغفوریان استادیار گروه معارف- دانشگاه امام صادق (ع)، تهران، ایران Journal Article 1970 01 01 Quranic stories, rich with signs and meanings, consistently offer a fertile ground for diverse methods and approaches in textual study and analysis. Such analysis helps unravel intertwined textual layers and clarify the process of meaning construction for readers. This paper employs the "semiotic square" model, a key analytical tool developed by A.J. Greimas, the founder of the Paris School of Semiotics, to analyze the mechanisms of meaning construction within text production. The semiotic square provides a methodical approach to textual analysis, elucidating how oppositional relations within a text are articulated.This study utilizes this model to analyze the textual structures of the dual concepts of 'ezat' (honor) and 'zelat' (humiliation) in the Quranic story of Joseph (A.S), and to explain their process of signification within this Quranic discourse. The research findings demonstrate that, through the application of the semiotic square, continuous shifts of poles and categories are possible within a text. Specifically, in the discourse process, while the 'ezat' and 'zelat' dichotomy manifests in eight forms at the content level, unlike typical cases where multiple individuals or entities might represent these forms at the expression level, in the story of Joseph (A.S), the corresponding expressive form refers solely to Prophet Joseph (A.S). Furthermore, the semiotic square reveals that Prophet Joseph’s entire life was marked by honor and greatness, challenging the common interpretation that portrays his life as a blend of 'ezat' and 'zelat'. In this context, the square of veridiction proves instrumental in discerning this underlying truth. 1. Introduction Discourse, defined as "the use of language for communication," inherently establishes a bidirectional relationship between language and discourse. Linguistic pragmatics, a prominent approach in modern linguistics, examines how speech acts between speaker and audience fulfill specific communicative goals. The persuasive dimension of language is a foundational element of pragmatics. This study explores the techniques speakers employ to attract and persuade audiences, which is a key objective of both applied linguistics and this research.The Quranic story of Joseph (A.S), known as the "best of stories," has always been a focal point for Quranic scholars, explored from multiple perspectives. A prevalent interpretation of this narrative posits Joseph’s ascent from the depths of humiliation (zelat) to the heights of honor (ezat). This research delves into the dichotomy of 'ezat' and 'zelat' in Joseph's (A.S) story using the "semiotic square" approach. A close examination of these two terms reveals a dynamic interplay, where the apparent poles of honor and humiliation in this Surah are constantly shifting, and the points of tension and attraction between them are not fixed. Given the Quran's primary objective of conveying messages for human guidance, its narratives cannot be dismissed as serving merely aesthetic or artistic purposes. Consequently, the semiotic analysis of Quranic narratives and the process of meaning-making within discourse production become particularly significant (Fallah et al., 2020, p. 27). Research Question This research aims to introduce the semiotic square model and, by employing it, elucidate the discourse between these two key Quranic concepts. It also seeks to answer the question of how the dichotomous signification of 'ezat and zelat' is configured in Surah Yusuf based on the semiotic square, and how this dichotomy is textually realized within this narrative. 2. Literature review Studies in "semiotics" are among the new disciplines in the contemporary world, which examine sign systems and can be considered one of the up-to-date sciences of our era. Today, the rapid progress of fields such as semiotics has introduced new possibilities and brought the study of religious language and texts into a new phase. These new tools and modern sciences offer researchers a novel spectrum and new semantic horizons. Generally speaking, utilizing up-to-date sciences allows for the expansion of semiotics using the capacity of religious texts on one hand, and on the other, it opens new avenues in the analysis of these texts and helps uncover and identify the prevailing discourse in the Holy Qur'an. Among these, the present study relies on the semiotic square model as pursued in the Paris School of Semiotics. This model, first introduced by Algirdas Julien Greimas, is selected because it provides a representation of the deep semantic structure of the text based on dynamic oppositional relations. Analyses based on this square can be effective in achieving a precise understanding of these texts. Throughout history, Quranic scholars have employed various methods and models to understand the concepts of Quranic stories. Sometimes, they have relied on the Quranic verses themselves to grasp the essence of these stories, while at other times, they have applied different narratology frameworks. The Quranic story of Joseph (A.S), known as the "best of stories," has always been a focal point for Quranic scholars, explored from multiple perspectives. But what is repeatedly told about this story is that Joseph ascended from the depths of humiliation (zelat) to the heights of honor (ezat). This research delves into the dichotomy of honor and humiliation in Joseph's (A.S) story using the "semiotic square" approach. A Close examination of these two terms reveals that the poles of honor in this surah are constantly switching, and the points of tension and attraction between these poles are not fixed. Moreover, different content forms can manifest as a single expressive form within a text. Given that the primary objective of the Quran is to convey messages for the guidance of humanity, it cannot be claimed that narratives in the Quran serve merely aesthetic and artistic purposes. Consequently, the necessity of semiotic analysis of Quranic narratives and the method of meaning-making in the context of discourse production becomes particularly significant (Fallah et al., 2020, p. 27). This research is of high significance as it attempts to use a model of semiotics in the field of Quranic studies. In addition, the findings of this research will be influential in explaining the dichotomy of ezat and zelat in the Holy Quran, centering "keramat" (dignity). 3. Results The story of Joseph (A.S) known as the "best of stories" can be examined from various perspectives. A wide range of studies using various models have been conducted to reach a more accurate understanding of this story so far. Among these, the models of semiotics can be drawn upon for research into this story. Here this model analyzes the textual structures of the dichotomy of "ezat and zelat" in the Quranic story of Joseph (A.S) and elucidates the process of their signification in the Quranic discourse of this narrative, addressing whether Joseph the Prophet indeed experienced a period of earthly humiliation. Analyzing the dichotomy of honor and disgrace in the story of Joseph (A.S) using the "semiotic square" reveals that the poles of apparent honor and disgrace in this surah are constantly switching, and the positions of attraction and tension between these poles are not fixed. Additionally, different content forms can manifest as a single expressive form in a text. Another finding of this research is that, contrary to what many interpreters and Quranic scholars believe—that Joseph's life was a mix of honor and disgrace—his life is entirely filled with both earthly and heavenly honor. In this context, the square of veridiction, derived from the Greimas square, aids the reader in ظرفیت قصص قرآنی که متونی هستند سرشار از نشانه‌ها و معانی، همواره زمینه را برای به‌کارگیری روش‌ها و رویکردهای متنوع مطالعه و تحلیل متن فراهم می‌سازد تا لایه‌های درهم‌تنیده و روی هم افتاده متن از هم باز شوند و فرایند ساخت معنا برای مخاطبان روشن‌تر شود. مقاله حاضر بر الگوی «مربع نشانه‌شناسی» یکی از الگوهای گریماس بنیان‌گذار مکتب نشانه‌شناسی پاریس استوار است که به تجزیه و تحلیل سازوکار ساخت معنا در فرایند تولید متن می‌پردازد. مربع «نشانه‌شناسی» خوانش روشمند متن را به ما می‌آموزد و اینکه چگونه می‌توان براساس روابط متقابلی یک متن را به سخن درآورد. این نوشتار بر آن است تا با به‌کار‌گیری این الگو به تحلیل ساخت‌های متنی دوگان «عزت و ذلت» در داستان قرآنی یوسف(ع) بپردازد و فرایند شکل‌گیری دلالت آن دو را در گفتمان قرآنی این داستان تبیین کند. رهاورد این پژوهش در راستای بسط مربع نشانه‌شناسی آن است که در یک متن امکان جابه‌جایی مداوم قطب‌ها و مقوله‌ها وجود دارد؛ بدین معنا که در فرایند گفتمان‌سازی با آنکه در تحلیل دوگان «ذلت و عزت» در سطح محتوا با هشت صورت مواجهیم، ولی برخلاف معمول که در سطح بیان، صورت‌بندی‌های متناظر آن می‌تواند چند نفر یا چند چیز باشد، در داستان یوسف(ع) صورت‌بندی متناظر آن یک نفر است آن هم یوسف نبی(ع). اما درخصوص داستان یوسف نبی(ع) می‌توان گفت این مربع به ما نشان می‌دهد زندگی آن حضرت سراسر عزتمندی و بزرگی بوده است و برخلاف ظاهر داستان که حیات ایشان را عزت توأم با ذلت نشان می‌دهد. در این میان استفاده از مربع حقیقت‌نمایی ما را در دریافت حقیقت یاری می‌کند.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_24014_ff010d3f8d01254e4634b161432071c0.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 04 21 The duality of âsemioticsâ and âpyramat textâ is the image on the cover of the book âMa Tarah Al-Oyunâ کاربرد دوگانۀ «پیرامتنیت» و «نشانه‌‌شناسی» تصویر روی جلد کتاب «ماتراه‌ العیون» 339 368 24015 10.48311/LRR.16.4.11 FA حسین شمس‌أبادی دکتری تخصصی. دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات عربی دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران طاهره میرزاده دانشجوی دکتری رشتۀ زبان و ادبیات عربی دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران سید مهدی نوری کیذقانی استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات عربی دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران حجت‌الله فسنقری دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات عربی دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران Journal Article 1970 01 01 By introducing the category of Paratextuality within his comprehensive theory of transtextuality, Gerard Genette broadened the scope of textual analysis to encompass semiotic perspectives. This allowed for the identification of semantic layers present on a book's cover, emphasizing its crucial role as a text that parallels the book's internal content and other components. The contemporary Egyptian writer Mohammad Taymour authored the first collection of short stories in the Arab world, titled Matra Al-Oyun. The design on his book's cover has a spectacular and impressive impact on the reader, equaling the internal content of the book.The present study aims to analyze the semiotic layers and components of the cover design of Ma’Tra Al-Oyun to understand its semantic and relational connections with the author's internal text and underlying intentions. A descriptive-analytical method was employed. The results show that the cover design, primarily through its prominent functional component of colors, along with the use of the eye shape, broken lines behind the eye, and the letters 'M' and 'A' attached to 'M', effectively reflects the book's title and the author's experiences. These elements establish a semantic relationship that parallels the book's internal text. 1. Introduction Images themselves are capable of conveying themes, meanings and goals that, together with their constituent elements, will gain multiple narrative power. An image or design made up of shapes, letters, colors, lines, patterns and other components can fall into the realm of conceptual art. The image or design on the cover of a book can also be a conceptual art, meaningful and appropriate to the goals of the book's author and related to internal text of the book. The psychoanalysis of color and the examination of the psychological dimensions of the design components on the book cover are a reflection of semiotic patterns. Semiotics is a related system or network of hierarchically ordered, relations, and the sign is the game of separation, combination and limitation of deep structures beyond the superficial phonological and semantic structures. In general, semiotics can also be considered the science of signification, because the science of signification will understand the specific nature of each of the signer and the signified and their characteristics based on specifying the relationship between the signifier and the signified and the signifier is only able to refer to the linguistic sign by mentally accessing and discovering the content of the signified and is incapable of directly referring to the external signified. The science of signification or semiology can be called the science of achieving and discovering meaning and understanding. Accordingly, semiology is used as a research method in the two fields of recognizing significations and understanding relationships and is the path to recognizing the meaning or meanings of a work. Semiology is divided into three types: iconic, indexical, and symbolic. In the first type, the similarity of the sign with the subject is based, such as the image of a person or thing, and the second type is explained by symptoms of illness, signs of the arrival of a storm, etc., and the symbolic sign can be based on semiotic conventions. They align the iconic sign with the character (characteristic) or the main character of the subject and the implicit implications. On the other hand, the French theorist Gerard Genette, while studying the relationships between texts, arrived at the theory of transtextuality and introduced five categories as subcategories of transtextuality. Among the five categories of transtextuality, the component of paratextuality with its indicators is worthy of studying the design on the cover of the book. In this way, paratextuality, with the categories of dependent and independent paratexts, includes parallel texts of a book or the internal text of a book. Dependent paratexts can be introduced with main and sub-titles, introduction, table of contents, appendices, prefaces, end references, initial and final marginal texts of the book, and the design on the book's cover. Non-dependent paratexts can be introduced with interviews conducted about the book, promotional teasers of the book, and peripheral remarks about the book's criticism and analysis. All of these cases are considered peripheral texts of a book that have deep and parallel relationships between themselves and the main text of the book. Therefore, it is important to examine the design of a book cover with semiotic approaches in direct accordance with Gerard Genette's theory of paratextuality, because semiotics, with its ability to analyze and examine the signifier and signified, is able to achieve a correct understanding of the relationships between texts. So that the various relationships of the book cover design with the internal text as a paratext in retelling the internal content and the author's goals can be discovered with the capabilities of semiotics. The book "Matrah al-Ayoun" is the first short story work in Egyptian societies, especially the Egyptian society, written by Muhammad Timur with a collection of short stories that express the social, moral, cultural and customs of the Egyptian people. The book cover design, with a combination of colors, letters, shapes and lines, can have a specific conceptual art of the book's content. Accordingly, the present study felt the necessity of a dual semiotic and paratextual analysis and exploration of the design on the cover of the short story collection "Matrah al-Ayoun" by contemporary Egyptian writer Muhammad Timur, in order to reach the content openings within the book's text beyond the specific conceptual art on the cover of the book in question. Therefore, the authors aim to achieve a correct understanding of the relationships between the main text and the design on the cover of the book in question with the help of a descriptive-analytical method. What doubled the necessity of this study; the following questions occupied the mind: Research Question(s) 1- How does the paratext of the book cover design function in relation to the internal text? 2- To what extent does the book cover design have the power to convey the title and the author's goals? 3- Which of the design components is the most frequently used sign and symbol in the book cover design? 2. Literature Review Many studies have been conducted on the semiotics of images and book cover designs, but no study has been conducted so far on the dual analysis of the semiotics of book cover designs with Gerard Genette's paratextuality theory in analyzing the relationships between images and text and in the statistical community under study. However, semiotic and paratextual studies that are largely close to the present study and have semantic affinity are as follows: Haghighi and Shairi (2019) analyzed the interaction and use of cartoons with linguistic terms using a visual semiotics approach and discourse analysis method and found that cartoons are able to transfer from an unpredictable space to a creative semantic space by conceptually developing the linguistic terms of English language learners. Hejazi and Fallah (2019) analyzed the semiotic-semantic meaning of “question” in some of Mohammad Reza Shafi’i Kadkani’s poems and found that the poems, relying more on the visual and auditory senses, provide a space for presence and discursive communication with the audience, and spaces for making the absent present and the absent absent, enable discursive interaction and reaching the “transcendent self.” Amina et al. (2018) examined the dependent and independent thresholds and paratexts in the divan “No One Raises the Wind in Cages” and found that the thresholds used in the divan in question are a mirror reflecting the internal text of the divan through social, psychological, and historical methods and conditions as the original creator of the divan, and the poet is considered the second creator and true owner of the work. Saghir (2017) studied the paratextual thresholds of the poem “Ghaim Man Ramad” and concluded that all the parallel, dependent and independent paratextual and marginal aspects of the poem in question largely reflect the internal content of the text and the poet’s intentions in composing the poem. Amiri et al. (2015) studied the semiotics of the poem “Bant Suad” and found that the poem reflects the poet’s fears and psychological anguish through the symbolic connotations that constitute the poem, and that there is a clear connection between the words and the content of the poem. Hemmati et al. (2014) studied the semiotics of the poem “Lamiat al-Arab” by Shanfari and found that semiotic analysis revealed the hidden beauties and hidden spiritual treasures of this poem, and the semiotic elements in this poem include: tribal environment, migration, the environment of wild animals, enduring hardships, and Shanfari’s specific literature. 3. Methodology This study aims to examine the interplay of paratextuality and semiotics within the cover image of the short story collection Matrah al-Ayoun, employing a content analysis method. 4. Results The analysis indicates that semiotics, with its diverse semantic capabilities across fields like visual art, color theory, and the interpretation of symbols and icons, can effectively discern a book's cover design and identify its layered semantic relationships as a paratext with the book's internal text. Furthermore, a book cover design is typically in harmony with the book's other components and the author's objectives. Each color, shape, line, and letter is designed to directly parallel the text, the book's other elements, and the author's goals. Without this alignment, the design would not be appropriately assigned to the book and its subject, nor would semiotics be able to effectively recognize its communicative layers as a paratext.In analyzing the Matrah al-Ayoun cover design, this research first employed semiotics to identify the practical aspects of the design by separating and studying its individual components. Subsequently, by discovering the meanings of each component—different colors, shapes, lines, and letters—the study could then access the layered signs within the book's text. Colors, for instance, were utilized in the book design based on their symbolic meaning and in accordance with the author's goals, with their semantic layers also being reflected within the book's text. Thus, a direct connection between each design component and the book's internal text can be established.The book's cover design—through elements such as the eye shape (implying an inner world), the letters 'M' and 'A', the foreground, the purple lines behind the eye resembling blood vessels, and the various background colors—collectively indicate the title Matrah Al-Ayoun and the author's experiences gleaned from the surrounding world. In essence, the design embodies the author's objective of experiencing life through observation, with various experiences narrated through distinct color palettes.Colors represent the most significant structural element of the design. Different colors, each associated with distinct symbols, envelop the entire design, are responsible for forming other design components, and possess the power to directly communicate with aspects of the text's internal content. Blue is the dominant color, followed by yellow, green, red, and black, respectively. ژرار ژنت با مطرح کردن مقولۀ پیرامتنیت، توانست تا مرزهای تحلیل و مطالعۀ تصویر روی جلد کتاب را به سوی آرای نشانه‌شناسی بکشاند تا لایه‌های معنایی طرح روی جلد کتاب را بازشناساند. محمد تیمور، اولین مجموعه داستان کوتاه جامعۀ عرب را با عنوان «ماتراه العیون» نوشت. حال مسئله آن است که ارتباط و انسجام معنایی طرح روی جلد کتاب «ماتراه العیون» با ارزیابی نشانه‌شناسی تا چه میزان قابلیت پیرامتنی طرح را با درون‌متن کتاب هموار می‌سازد. پژوهش حاضر بر آن است تا لایه‌ها و اجزای نمادین طرح روی جلد کتاب «ماتراه العیون» را به‌عنوان پیرامتنِ کتاب، مورد هدفِ واکاوی نشانه‌شناسی قرار دهد تا بتواند به درک لایه‌های معنایی و ارتباطی طرح روی جلد کتاب با متن داخلی و اهداف ثانوی نویسنده دست یابد و در این راستا از روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی با رویکرد نشانه‌شناسی دیداری بهره جسته است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که پیرامتن طرح روی جلد کتاب با کاربرد رنگ‌ها که برجسته‌ترین جزء کاربردی طرح هستند، کاربرد شکلِ چشم و خطوط شکستۀ پشت چشم و کاربرد حرف «م» و «الف» متصل به «م» قادر بوده تا انعکاسی از عنوان کتاب و تجربیات نویسنده باشد و به‌طور موازی با متن داخلی ارتباط معنایی داشته باشد.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_24015_b97ea58a20d493c8c45d7f6d1fb46cbb.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 09 23 The "future in past" verbs in the persian language. افعال آینده در گذشته در زبان فارسی 369 397 7089 10.48311/LRR.16.4.12 FA سیدحسن نورمحمدی آتشگاه دانشگاه خوارزمی عصمت خویینی هیئت علمی دانشگاه خوارزمی ناصرقلی سارلی هیئت علمی دانشگاه خوارزمی Journal Article 1970 01 01 Abstract After scrutiny the problem of time in Persian verbs, the writers of present essay proceed to revise the usage of auxiliary and modal verbs and by putting forward and criticizing the paroles of writers of Grammar about this subject, reject the difference of these two verbs and expressing the similarities of them in language and showing that modal and auxiliary verbs have the same usage; Then by presenting the verb 'willing' as auxiliary (but not modal) verb in verbs like "would to go" and "was going to go" and etc. putting forward the existence of the time of "future in the past" in Persian language and compering it with some time with the same name in English language. The writers believe that the time "future in the past" is not only a time but in combination with other times it can create some new times in it's subset. چکیده نویسندگان مقاله ی حاضر پس از بررسی مساله ی زمان در افعال فارسی ، به بازنگری کارکرد افعال معین و افعال وجهی می پردازند و با طرح و نقد اقوال نویسندگان دستور زبان در این باره ، تمایز این دو نوع فعل را رد و شباهت های آنها را در زبان بیان می کنند و نشان می دهند که افعال وجهی و معین کارکرد همسانی دارند ؛ سپس با معرفی فعل "خواست" به عنوان فعل معین ( و نه فعل وجهی ) در افعالی نظیر " خواست برود و می خواست برود و ... " ، وجود زمان «آینده در گذشته» را در زبان فارسی مطرح می سازند و آن را با زمانی به همین نام در زبان انگلیسی مورد مقایسه قرار می دهند . نویسندگان اعتقاد دارند که زمان " آینده در گذشته " تنها یک زمان نیست بلکه در ترکیب با زمانهای دیگر نیز می تواند زمانهای جدیدی را در زیر مجموعه ی خود به وجود آورد .

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_7089_ff096d0e005a8c794b6c1da7c0fd662e.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 09 23 Cognitive Processing of Second Language Idiom Comprehension: A Comparative Study پردازش شناختی درک اصطلاحات زبان دوم: مطالعه تطبیقی 399 432 7175 10.48311/LRR.1402.70103 FA سپیده محمدی دانشجوی دکتری زبان شناسی، واحد شاهرود، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شاهرود، ایران رویا صدیق ضیابری استادیار گروه زبان شناسی، واحد شاهرود، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شاهرود، ایران Journal Article 1970 01 01 This study examines the cognitive processes underlying the comprehension of second language idioms using two different visual instructional techniques, visual representation of literal meanings versus virtual meanings of each idiom’s visual representation. For this reason, two environments (positions) (PFL vs. PSL), two different terms (opaque vs. transparent), and two different sufficiency levels (intermediate vs. advanced) are considered, which involves common teaching methods that use dual coding theory as two different visual techniques with verbal support to teach different types of idioms. The statistical population were 67 second language learners and 63 foreign language learners who participated in this study. A term comprehension test was used before and after the training. The results of repeated measure variance analysis based on pretest-posttest comparisons showed that understanding of SL idioms is different according to the learning environment, teaching technique and the type of idiom. However, it sounds that the level of sufficiency doesn’t affect any group’s comprehension outcomes. The results show that in the SL environment, the figurative technique was more successful than the literal technique. While in the FL environment, using the literal technique compared to the figurative technique, got better scores for the language learner. PSL learners were better than PFL learners in learning terms with opaque meanings, while PFL learners performed better in learning terms with transparent meanings. The results of this investigation support the Dual Idiom Representation Model, which states that PSL learners activate their existing lexical entries and understand them figuratively, while PFL learners must analyze the idioms. این مطالعه فرآیندهای شناختی زیربنای درک عبارات اصطلاحی زبان دوم را با استفاده از دو تکنیک آموزشی بصری مختلف - نمایش تصویری معانی تحت اللفظی در مقابل نمایش تصویری معانی مجازی هر عبارت اصطلاحی - بررسی می‌کند. برای این امر دو محیط (موقعیت) (PFL در مقابل PSL)، دو نوع اصطلاحات مختلف (غیرشفاف (کدر) در مقابل شفاف) و دو سطح بسندگی متفاوت (متوسط در مقابل پیشرفته) در نظر گرفته می شود. این کار شامل شیوه‌های آموزشی رایج بود که از نظریه کدگذاری دوگانه به عنوان دو تکنیک بصری متفاوت با پشتیبانی کلامی برای آموزش انواع مختلف اصطلاحات استفاده می کند. 67 زبان آموز به عنوان زبان دوم و 63 زبان آموز به عنوان زبان خارجی در این مطالعه شرکت کردند. قبل و بعد از آموزش از آزمون درک اصطلاح استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل واریانس اندازه مکرر بر اساس مقایسه‌های پیش-آزمون و پس-آزمون نشان داد که درک اصطلاحات زبان دوم با توجه به محیط یادگیری، تکنیک آموزشی و نوع اصطلاح متفاوت است. با این وجود، به نظر نمی‌رسد که سطح بسندگی تأثیری بر نتایج درک برای هیچ گروهی داشته باشد. نتایج آشکار می‌سازد که در محیط زبان دوم تکنیک مجاز موفق‌تر از تکنیک تحت اللفظی بوده است. در حالی که در محیط زبان خارجی بکارگیری تکنیک تحت اللفظی در مقایسه با تکنیک مجاز، نمرات بهتری برای زبان آموز به دست آورد. زبان آموزان PSL در یادگیری اصطلاحات با معانی غیرشفاف (کدر) بهتر از زبان آموزان PFL بودند در حالی که زبان آموزان PFL در یادگیری اصطلاحات با معانی شفاف عملکرد بهتری داشتند. نتایج این مطالعه از مدل بازنمایی اصطلاح دوگانه حمایت می‌کند که بیان می‌کند زبان‌آموزان PSL مدخل های اصطلاحات موجود خود را فعال می‌کنند و آنها را به صورت مجازی درک می‌کنند در حالی که زبان‌آموزان PFL باید اصطلاحات را تجزیه کنند.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_7175_37aa5dfc44dddd0d19d4311e2c7a0240.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس جستارهای زبانی 2322-3081 16 4 2025 09 23 The Challenges of French Language Students in Written Production: A Case Study Based on the DELF B1 Evaluation Grid بررسی مشکلات دانشجویان در تولید نوشتاری: مطالعه موردی بر اساس جدول ارزشیابی DELF B1 433 462 7222 10.48311/LRR.75147 FA معصومه محمدی کلان دانشجوی دکترای آموزش زبان فرانسه، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران. سعدی جعفری کاردگر استادیار گروه فرانسه، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران. علیرضا غفوری استادیار گروه فرانسه، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Despite all the efforts of professors and students, learning the four language skills of French in academic institutions has always been accompqnied by challenges. One of these skills is written production, in which students make numerous mistakes. We believe that identifying and analyzing areas of error can be effective in improving their writing skills. In the present study, using an analytical-descriptive method, the written productions of a group of students on a B1 level topic were examined. The data collection tool is the DELF B1 evaluation grid with ten criteria for writing correction. The participants in this study show that 42 percent of students had very good and good averages, and 58 percent had average and weak scores. The target population of this study performed acceptably in only three skills-coherence and logical structure, the ability to present events, and adherence to the topic-out of the ten criteria in the evaluation grid. However, they have not yet achieved the necessary skills in the other seven criteria. The areas of errors revealed in this research could serve as topics for further studies to extract and analyze errors in each domain. چکیده علی‌رغم تمامی تلاش‌های استادان و دانشجویان، یادگیری مهارت‌های چهارگانۀ زبان فرانسه در مراکز دانشگاهی همواره با چالش‌هایی همراه بوده است. یکی از این مهارت‌ها، تولید نوشتاری است که دانشجویان در انجام آن مرتکب اشتباهات متعددی می‌شوند. ما بر این گمانیم که شناسایی و تحلیل حوزه‌های خطا می‌تواند در بهبود مهارت نوشتاری ایشان مؤثر واقع شود. در پژوهش حاضر، با استفاده از روش تحلیلی ـ توصیفی، تولیدات نوشتاری گروهی از دانشجویان دربارۀ موضوعی در سطح B1 مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، جدول ارزشیابی DELF B1 با ده ملاک برای تصحیح نوشتار است. شرکت‌کنندگان در این تحقیق، 19 دانشجوی سال سوم کارشناسی زبان فرانسه دانشگاه تبریز بودند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که 42 درصد دانشجویان دارای میانگین خیلی خوب و خوب و 58 درصد آن‌ها دارای میانگین متوسط و ضعیف هستند. جامعۀ هدف این تحقیق، از مجموع ده ملاک موجود در جدول ارزشیابی، تنها در سه مهارت منسجم و منطقی بودن، توانایی معرفی رویدادها، رعایت موضوع دارای عملکرد قابل قبول بود، اما در هفت ملاک دیگر هنوز به مهارت‌های لازم دست پیدا نکرده ‌است. حوزه‌های خطاهای آشکارشده در این تحقیق، می‌تواند موضوع تحقیقات تکمیلی برای استخراج خطاها و تحلیل آن‌ها در هر حوزه باشد.

https://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article_7222_3c5be6328b5f6a0a5980341230b8ac05.pdf