Document Type : Original Research
Authors
1
PhD Student in Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Persian Literature and Foreign Languages, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
2
Department of English, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
3
PhD Candidate in Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
4
Assistant Professor of Applied Linguistics, Department of English, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
10.48311/lrr.2026.118440.83035
Abstract
While extensive studies confirm the effectiveness of mobile-mediated metalinguistic corrective feedback (MCF), the interaction of text- and audio-based MCF and learners' cognitive style, field (in)dependence, remains unexplored. This study focused on the text- and audio-based MCF and its impact on passive voice of writing and on the field dependence (FD) and field independence (FI) of Iranian EFL learners. The research participants were Iranian EFL learners from Nouri language institute, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran. A total of 195 intermediate level learners were selected through convenience sampling, categorized based on cognitive styles using the Group Embedded Figures Test. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design assigned learners randomly to 6 groups consisting of 4 treatment and 2 control conditions. For 3 weeks, participants in the text- and audio-based groups were provided with MCF through WhatsApp on process writing tasks that required the use of the simple present passive voice. There was a significant time × cognitive style × treatment interaction as determined by conducting a 3-way mixed ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni-adjusted t-tests. For FD learners, the improvement with an audio was more than with a text. Conversely, FI learners' improvement with a text was greater than with an audio. These results suggest that matching the feedback modality with cognitive style improves grammatical accuracy, which is important for mobile-assisted personalized EFL writing pedagogy.
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Language Related Research
