دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی، دانشگاه علامه‌طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر در چارچوب نظریه انسجام هلیدی و حسن (1976)، توانایی سازماندهی روایی کودکان فارسی‌زبان را با به‌کارگیری روش تجربی= میدانی مورد بررسی و مقایسه قرار داده است. به این منظور، 15 کودک (8 پسر و 7 دختر) در سنین چهار تا هفت‌ساله از یک مهد کودک در غرب تهران گزینش شدند. سپس به‌منظور بررسی عملکرد این کودکان در سازماندهی گفتمان ازطریق به‌کارگیری ابزار انسجام واژگانی، دو آزمون بازگویی و تولید داستان، با استفاده از دو کتاب مصوّر کودک اجرا گردید و با درنظر‌گرفتن رشد انسجام واژگانی، داستان‌های آن‌ها مورد بررسی و مقایسه قرار گرفت. هدف اصلی این تحقیق آن بوده است که با ارزیابی توانایی سازماندهی گفتمان روایی در کودکان فارسی‌زبان به شناخت و ارزیابی بهتری از توانش گفتمانی آن‌ها دست یابیم. بر پایه یافته‌های این تحقیق می‌توان گفت که اولاً کودکان در هر سه گروه سنی قادر به به‌کارگیری صحیح ابزارهای انسجام واژگانی به‌منظور سازماندهی داستان‌های خود هستند. نتیجه دیگر این‌که تمامی گروه‌های سنی از میان زیرمجموعه‌های انسجام واژگانی (تکرار و باهم‌آیی)، در هر دو آزمون، بیشتر تمایل به کاربرد «تکرار» دارند و در‌نهایت این‌که عملکرد کودکان در آزمون بازگویی داستان در مقایسه با آزمون تولید داستان به لحاظ تعداد بندها و مؤلفه‌های انسجام واژگانی متفاوت می‌باشد.
Applebee, A. (1978). The Child’s Concept of Story. Chicago: IL: University of Chicago Press.
Bamberg, M. (1987). The Acquisition of Narratives: Learning to Use Language. Berlin/ New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Berman, R. A. & D. I. Slobin .(1994). Relating events in Narrative: a Cross- Linguistic Developmental Study. Hilldale,NJ: Lawerence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Bloom, L. & M. Lahey. (1978). Language Development and Language Disorders. New York: Wiley.
Botting, N. (2002). Child Language Teaching and Therapy. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chan, K. (2000). Effectof Media Input on Cohesion of Narrative Production in Cantonese Speaking Children. Bachelor of Sciences (Speech and Hearing Sciences). Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Chang-Ju C. (2004). “Telling stories of experiences: narrative development of young Chinese children’’ . Journal of Applied Psycholinguistics. No. 25. Pp. 83-104.
Choi, I. (2007). “ How and when do children acquire the use of discourse markers’’. Cam Ling. No. 17. Pp. 40-47.
Crowhurst, M. (1987). "Cohesion in argument an narration at three grade levels". Research in the Teaching of English. Vol. 21. No. 2. Pp. 101- 112.
Ervin-Tripp, S. & C. Mitchell-Kernan. (1977). Introduction. In S. Ervinn-Tripp & C. Mitchell- Kernan (Eds). Child discourse (Pp. 1-26). New York: Academic.
Fekete, G. (2007). “ Referential cohesion in Hungarian: A developmental study’’. Proceedings of the Second Oxford Postgraduate Conference in linguistics. (Lingo, Oxford).
Gumperz, J. & S. Kyratzis. (2005). “Making space for bilingual communicative practice’’. Intercultural Pragmatics. 2(1). Pp. 1-24.
Halliday, M. & R. Hassan (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Hedberg, N. & C. Westby (1993). Analyzing Storytelling Skills: Theory to Practice. Tucson, AZ: Communication Skill Builders.
Hendrickson V. & L. Shapiro (2001). “Cohesive reference devices in childrens personal narratives’’. Journal of Psychological Inquiry. Vol. 6. n. 1. Pp. 17-22.
Hickmann, M. (1995). Discourse Organization and the Development of Reference to Person, Space and Time. In Fletcher, P. and MacWhinney. The Handbook of Child Language. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hickmann, M. .(2007). Motion and Location in French: A Developmental and Crosslinguistic Perspective. (eds). The categorization of spatial entities in language and cognition. (Pp.205-231). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Hickmann, M. R. ; Henriette, Hendriks & J. Liang .(1996). “The marking of new information in children’s narratives’’: A comparison of English, French, German and Mandarin Chinese’’. Journal of Child Language. No. 23. Pp. 591-619.
Hickmann, M. & H., Hendriks (1999). "Cohesion and anaphora in children’s narratives: A comparison of English, French, German, and Mandarin Chinese". Journal of Child Language .No. 26. pp. 52-419.
Hudson, J. A. & L. R. Shapiro. (1991). “From knowing to telling’’: The development of children's scripts, stories, and personal narratives". Developmental Psychology. Vol. 27 (6). Pp. 66- 79.
Hymes, D. (1972). “ On communicative competence’’. J. B. Pride and J. Holmes (eds). Sociolinguistics. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Education). No. 19. Pp.93-269.
Karmiloff- Smith, A. (1992). Beyond Modularity. A developmental Perspective on Cognitive Science. Cambridge: Bradford Book, MIT Press.
Kail, M & M. Hickmann. (1992). “French children’s ability to introduce referents in narratives as a function of mutual knowledge". First Language. No. 12. Pp. 73-94. discourse: Age, gender, and partner effects. Journal of child Development. No. 62. Pp. 792-811.
Leaper, C. (1991). “Influence and involvement in children's discourse: Age, gender, and partner effects’’. Journal of Child Development. No. 62. Pp. 792-811.
Lieven, E. & M. Plank (2006). “Language development’’. in An Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier Ltd. (Vide. Encyclopedia).Pp.269- 301.
Liles, B. (1993). “ Narrative discourse in children with language disorders and children with normal language: A critical review of the literature’’. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. No. 36. Pp. 868-882.
Liles, B. (1985). “Cohesion in the narratives of normal and language- disordered children’’. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. No. 28. Pp. 33-123.
Merritt, D. & B. Z. Liles (1989). “ Narrative analysis: Clinical applications of story generation and story retelling. “ Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. No. 54. Pp. 47-438.
Orsolini, M. (1990). “Episodic structure in children’s fantasy narratives. «Breakthrough to decontextualised discourse’’. Language and Cognitive Processes. No. 5. Pp. 53-79.
Paul, R., & R. Smith .(1993). “ Narrative skills in 4-year-olds with normal, impaired, and late developing language’’. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. No. 36. Pp. 198-592.
Peterson, C & P. Dodsworth (1991). “A longitudinal analysis of young children's cohesion and noun specification in narratives’’. Journal of Child Language. Volume 18. Issue 02. Pp. 397-415.
Ripich, D. & P. Griffith (1988). “ Narrative abilities of children with learning disabilities and non-disabled children: Story structure, cohesion and propositions’’. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 21(3). Pp. 165-173.
Schiefflin, B. & P. Gilmore (1986) (Eds). The Acquisition of literacy: Ethnographic perspectives. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Schneider, P. & RV. Dubé (1997). “Effect of pictorial versus oral story presentation on children's stories’’. Child Language Teaching and Therapy.No. 13.Pp. 170- 190.
Shapiro, L. R. & J. A. Hudson (1997). “Coherence and cohesion in children's picture-elicited narratives’’. Developmental Psycholog. No. 27. Pp. 960-974.
Wigglesworth, G. (1997). “Children's individual approaches of narrative“. Journal of child Language. Vol 24. Pp. 279-309.
Wing, C. (2002). “age and medium effects on the production of conjunctions in narratives by Cantonese-speaking children’’. Journal of speech and Hearing sciences, the University of HongKong.No. 17. Pp. 66- 80.
جستارهای زبانی