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جستارهای زبانی، جلد ۱۰، شماره ۱، صفحات ۹۹-۱۲۷
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| عنوان فارسی |
تقابل‌های تکیه‌ای واژگانی و فراواژگانی در زبان فارسی |
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| چکیده فارسی مقاله |
در زبان فارسی واژه‌ها و ساخت‌هایی با معانی متفاوتی وجود دارند که به استثناءِ جایگاهِ تکیه، تلفظی یکسان دارند. اینها «تقابل تکیه‌ای» نامیده می‌شوند. «تقابل‌های تکیه‌ای» دو دسته‌اند؛ دسته نخست شامل تقابل تکیه واژگانی بین دو واژه است که «جفت کمینه تکیه‌ای» نامیده می‌شود. دسته دوم حاصل رخداد فرایندهای واجی یا تعامل برخی عوامل ساختواژی، نحوی و آوایی در سطح فراواژگانی است. تقابل تکیه‌ای واژگانی تنها ملاک قابل بررسی در تقابل‌های تکیه‌ای نیست؛ بلکه تقابل‌های تکیه‌ای فراواژگانی نیز وجود دارند که شایستۀ بررسی‌اند. در این راستا، اهداف این پژوهشِ توصیفی - تحلیلی شامل موارد زیر است: معرفی و بررسی ویژگی‌های جفت‌های کمینۀ تکیه‌ای؛ لزوم گردآوری، معرفی، دسته‌بندی و موشکافی علت ایجاد تمام تقابل‌های تکیه‌ای واژگانی و فراواژگانی بر اساس مقوله واژگانی/ نحوی عناصر متقابل؛ و پاسخ به این پرسش مهم که آیا جابه‌جایی تکیه، علت اصلی تمایز معنایی آنها بوده است یا تکیه خود پیامد تفاوت عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده این تقابل‌هاست. دستاوردهای این پژوهش شامل معرفی، دسته‌بندی و موشکافی دلایل ایجاد تقابل‌های تکیه‌ای و همچنین، هویت‌بخشی به این تقابل‌ها از طریق انتخاب نام «واژگانی و فراواژگانی» برای آنهاست. |
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| کلیدواژه‌های فارسی مقاله |
واژه‌های کلیدی، تکیه، تکیه واژگانی، تکیه فراواژگانی، تقابل تکیه‌ای، جفت کمینه تکیه‌ای. |
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| عنوان انگلیسی |
Lexical and Post-lexical Stress Oppositions in Persian |
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| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
1- Introduction There are semantically different words and structures in Persian that are identical in pronunciation except for the place of stress. These pairs which are called stress oppositions are of two types; the first type includes a lexical stress opposition between two lexical entries called a stress minimal pair. The second type is either the result of some phonological processes or the interaction among morphological, syntactic and phonetic factors at post-lexical level. One or both sides of these stress oppositions are syntactic phrases. There are many stress oppositions in Persian; however only five of which are stress minimal pairs. Being a minimal pair is not the sole analyzable feature in these stress oppositions. There are other features which merit further consideration. The objectives of this research were to introduce and discuss features of stress minimal pairs, to introduce and classify the whole possible stress oppositions in Persian according to their lexical/ syntactic categories, and to figure out whether stress shift caused semantic changes or it was the effect or consequence of different elements in stress oppositions. 2- Theoretical framework Phrase Structure Grammar (Chomsky, 1957) is the theoretical framework which was used in this research to classif post- lexical structures. In this theoretical framework the structure of constituents is specified using phrase structure rules: S → VP NP NP → {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN} VP → V NP (PP) (Adv) 3- Methodology This research aimed at introducing different lexical and post-lexical stress oppositions in Persian. To this end, structures other than lexical entries were classified into noun/verb phrases using Phrase Structure Grammar. Accordingly, various stress oppositions might include two lexical entries, a lexical entry and a noun/verb phrase, two noun phrases, two verb phrases, a noun phrase and a verb phrase, as well as emphatic stress. It is noteworthy that the phonetic representation (PR) rather than the underlying representation (UR) was used to specify stress oppositions. Finally, the morphemes of stress oppositions where compared in order to specify the main reason of their semantic (or grammatical) difference. 4- Results & discussion Although Persian is so rich in terms of having stress oppositions, it only has five stress minimal pairs. The necessary condition that must be there for a stress opposition to be considered a stress minimal pair is that both its members must be lexical entries. Hence, a post-lexical stress opposition of which one member is the result of a phonological change, or one member or both members are a syntactic phrase is not considered a stress minimal pair. Lexical stress or being a stress minimal pair is not the only criterion to evaluate stress oppositions. Stress shift is regarded the main reason for meaning change if there is no other distinctive factor at work, that is, we can say stress shift has caused meaning change when both members of a stress opposition consist of identical morphemes, or one of the members is not the result of a phonological process. Otherwise, stress itself is the consequence of different morphemes or application of a phonological process. Accordingly, the findings of this research are in contrast with the studies in the literature which regarded the stress opposition between a word and a phrase as a minimal pair, or posited that the meaning difference between two unlelated words of a stress minimal pair is due to stress shift. 5- Conclusions & suggestions The significance of this paper is that it is the first research to address lexical and post-lexical stress oppositions in Persian and to discuss how they were created. Moreover, this paper was an attempt to reduce the uncertainty in regard to the nature and identity of stress oppositions through introducing and classifying them and using the titles "lexical and post-lexical stress oppositions" to designate them. A future research suggestion could be investigating lexical and post-lexical stress oppositions in other languages. |
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| کلیدواژه‌های انگلیسی مقاله |
Key words, Stress, Lexical stress, Post-lexical stress, Stress opposition, Stress minimal pair. |
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| نویسندگان مقاله |
بشیر جم | bashir jam
assistant professor of linguistics, shahre-kord university
استادیار زبان شناسی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، چهارمحال و بختیاری، ایران.
سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه شهرکرد (Shahr kord university)
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| نشانی اینترنتی |
http://journals.modares.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-14-18570-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=14 |
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| زبان مقاله منتشر شده |
fa |
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