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     The Oriental hornet, Vespa orientalis L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is one of the most important and serious enemies of honeybees. In this study, the annual population dynamics and daily activity rhythm of Oriental hornet were examined, based on the number of adults trapped in an apiary located in Ahvaz (southwest of Iran) during a period of two years (January 2021 to December 2022). Samplings were performed using the box traps available in the market. The bait used in the traps was fresh chicken liver, with the traps checked daily in four time periods. The results revealed that the first overwintering queens (gynes) emerged in March and two population peaks of newly emerged hornet workers occurred during the year, one in July and the other in October. In late November and early December, no adult hornet was trapped. The daily activity rhythm of adult hornets was observed mostly during 9 - 12, almost twice as much as in the afternoon period (12 - 15). The lowest activity was recorded in the evening period and night (6 pm - 9 am). During both years of sampling, the seasonal abundance of adult hornets displayed a significant positive correlation with air temperature and a significant negative correlation with relative humidity. By comparing the result of our findings with other studies performed in the same and different climate zones, it can be hoped to present effective methods to control the population of V. orientalis, especially in areas that have extensive beekeeping.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of organic pollutants, have been observed to exert deleterious effects on plant growth and various physiological processes. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of phenanthrene (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) on growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some antioxidant enzymes, and some biochemical compounds of the maize plant were investigated. The experiments were conducted as pot cultures of plants under controlled conditions using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications for each treatment. Increasing phenanthrene concentration reduced all studied growth parameters and significantly increased photosynthetic pigment contents. Phenanthrene led to the increase in catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities in the roots but in shoots, only the peroxidase activity was increased. Moreover, higher phenanthrene concentrations were associated with elevated levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, coupled with a marked reduction in soluble sugar content in both shoot and root tissues (p<0.05). Also, increase in phenanthrene concentration in the shoots decreased the total phenol and flavonoid contents compared to anthocyanin. Phenanthrene treatment led to a significant reduction in the concentrations of lauric acid, meric acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid in maize shoots. In conclusion, it seems that high concentrations of phenanthrene induce oxidative stress in the maize, and plants improve their enzymatic antioxidant system to moderate the stress condition. In addition, damage of cell membranes by phenanthrene leads to weakening of plants root system as well as disordering in water and nutrient uptake and finally reduction in the plant growth.
 

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In the study, lethal and sub-lethal doses of Neem Azal (azadirachtin 10 g/l), Nimiks (azadirachtin 40 g/l), Nimbecidine (azadirachtin 0.3 g/l), Oread (spinosad 480 g/l), and Nostalgist BL (1.5% Beauveria bassiana strain Bb-1-) were tested on different developmental stages of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma dendrolimi  under laboratory conditions. The lowest melanized egg were found on the larval stage of parasitoid in the 200 ml dose of Nimiks (79.17%), on 5 ml dose of Oread (75.25 %) and on 250 ml dose of Nimbecidine (79.37 %). An approximately 10-fold decrease in emergence rates was determined in the larval, prepupal and pupal stages of the parasitoid at doses of 5 ml and 6.25 ml of Oread.  The other doses of the same insecticides resulted in 100% of mortality. The longest development time of T. dendrolimi was found on Oread with 6.25 ml (11.00 days), on Nimiks with 200 ml (11.04 days), and on Oread with 5 ml (10.90 days). No significant difference was observed in the sex ratio. The longevity of T. denrolimi was shorter than that of the control for all insecticides and doses applied to the larval, prepupal and pupal stages of the parasitoid. Parasitism rates of F₁ and F₂ varied greatly depending on the insecticides, doses and biological stage of the parasitoid. The new crop protection strategies aim to reduce the use of chemical insecticides while supporting the combined use of biorational insecticides and natural enemies. The study offers helpful data for IPM that is focused on the ecology.  
 

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Aluminum nano-films are one of the functional elements that have various applications in different fields such as strengthening cement base materials, improving the performance and efficiency of concrete, and enhancing the mechanical and volumetric properties of clay. In this study, the mechanical responses of aluminum nano-film are investigated under uniaxial tensile and compressive tests using the molecular dynamics (MD) method. The initial configuration of the nano-film is constructed based on a 3D aluminum core—alumina shell model that provides a suitable description of surface oxidation in the nano-film. This model is useful to determine the influence of surface oxidation on the mechanical behavior of nan-film. Because of the accuracy and competency, the inter-atomic interactions are evaluated using the EAM+CTI potential, which is a hybrid potential consisting of two components, i.e., EAM and CTI potential, such that it can also take into account the electrostatic interactions between the atoms. After establishing the initial configuration, the energy minimization process is performed on the nano-film, and then its temperature and pressure are adapted to the environmental conditions through the relaxation process. The MD analysis is accomplished by the open-source LAMMPS software, and the visualization of outputs is performed by the open-source OVITO software. The periodic boundary condition is imposed on the lateral sides of the nano-film to eliminate the free surface effect of the atomistic analysis. The tensile and compressive tests are applied to the nano-film in accordance with the experimental tests, and the stress—strain curves are determined. The concept of Virial stress is employed to calculate the stress of the atomic model, which is equivalent to the conventional Cauchy stress in classical mechanics. In order to diminish the dynamic effects, deformation is incrementally applied to the nano-film, such that at each increment, a small strain is gently imposed, then the nano-film is relaxed under the deformed conditions, and finally the stress and strains are evaluated. The numerical simulations are verified by comparing them with experimental data, which demonstrates the acceptable accuracy of the obtained numerical results. The influence of various parameters such as the thickness and the percentages of oxide layers are investigated on the mechanical response and stress-strain curve of aluminum nano-film under the uniaxial tests. It is demonstrated that the thickness of the oxide layer significantly impacts the mechanical behavior, such that the hardness and energy absorption capacity of the nano-film is increased considerably by increasing the percentage of the oxide layer thickness. However, increasing the total thickness of the nano-film leads to a decrease in the Young’s modulus and elastic limit of the specimen. It is because of the decrease in the percentage of oxide layer thickness by increasing the total thickness of the nano-film. Point defects are one of the important imperfections in the crystal structures of atomic configuration that have a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of materials. In order to investigate the influence of point defects, different percentages of voids are generated by randomly omitting some atoms in the nano-film domain. The generated specimens are analyzed under the uniaxial tests, and their mechanical characteristics are evaluated. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the hardness of the nano-film is significantly reduced by increasing the point defects.
 

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Damage of both building and non-building structures (including the space structures) against earthquake is of great importance for civil engineers, because collapse of such large structures may have significant casualties and economic losses. Space structures are classified as large-scale structures and can cover a large space without columns. Seismic behavior of these structures is different from building structures. There are different types of space structures considering the geometrical aspects, which are effective in the damages causing economic and life losses. A space structure has three-dimensional behavior, and their higher-mode effects are remarkable. On the other hand, the weight of these structures is relatively low that may cause an unrealistic reduction in the calculation of seismic force in a static analysis. Therefore, the static analysis cannot capture their structural response effectively. Traditionally, the dynamic analysis is utilized for seismic design of space structures due to their complex structural behavior. Thus, in this paper, seismic design of two single-layer domes is performed using two dynamic analyses: time history analysis and response spectrum analysis. Although there are some studies on seismic design of domes, further investigations are required due to the structural diversity of different domes and the difference in their seismic behavior. Here, the ribbed and Schwedler domes under gravity and seismic loads are analyzed dynamically. The parameters of the design response spectral acceleration are based on ASCE7-16, and the site class (based on the soil type) is selected as “D”. Both horizontal and vertical components of seismic excitations are utilized in the dynamic analyses, because all these components are effective in design of a dome structure. The damping ratio is assumed to be 2% in the dynamic analyses based on the relevant literature.  In the response spectrum analysis, the vertical seismic load is expressed in terms of dead loads in the response spectrum analysis. In the time history analysis, seven ground motion records are selected based on the seismic zone. These ground motion records are scaled using both amplitude scaling and spectral matching approaches. The vertical components are scaled to the specific vertical design spectrum obtained from ASCE7-16. In this study, seismic design of the ribbed and Schwedler domes with a span of 36 meters and a height of 6 meters are carried out with some limitations on the member stress ratios and top nodal displacements. The structural designs based on the time history analysis and the response spectrum analysis are compared. The same cross-sectional areas are used in designs of the dome structures to compare the effects of these dynamic analysis methods better. In general, the top node displacement and stress ratios of the dome obtained using time history analysis is larger than that obtained using spectral dynamic analysis. Accordingly, the results indicate that the structure designed with the time history analysis is heavier than the structure designed with the response spectrum analysis. Obviously, although the time history analysis provides a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of the structure, it requires much higher computational cost than the response spectrum analysis.

 

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This study was conducted to evaluate the age-specific functional response of Psyllaephagus zdeneki Noyes & Fallahzadeh (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) at different nymph densities of olive psyllid, Euphyllura pakistanica Loginova (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Due to parasitoid behaviour of feeding and parasitizing the host, both traits were separately explored on a daily functional response. Results of logistic regression revealed a type II functional response of the wasp independent of their ages. The handling time (T_h) and searching efficiency (a) were estimated using the Rogers equation. The highest searching efficiency for both parasitism and feeding was observed in the first five days of the adult age. The handling time for parasitism and host feeding increased with the age of female wasp. The highest searching efficiency and shortest handling time for host attacked (Parasitism and feeding) were gained in day 5 and day 2 and maximum parasitism and host feeding in days 2 and 3 of adult female age, respectively. We conclude that P. zdeneki demonstrated a reasonable performance as a potential biocontrol agent by feeding and parasitism of E. pakistanica which gained its maximum efficiency within 2 to 5 days of its life.

 

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The adjective "sustainable” is used for worldwide explanation where both human and nature can live up to their present needs, sustain the rights of future generations and protect the environment without the existence of destructive effects. Use of natural resources accordingly to provide today’s human needs and not to become dangerous for  future’s human needs is the issue that leads architects to follow the principles of sustainable development. In this investigation, improving of climatic technology and use of climatic condition and natural resources in traditional architecture of Iran and contemporary architecture will be studied. It is often forgotten and even ignored that architectural traditions are rich in content, given that they have found the right harmony between the necessities of living, the environment, material resources and ideas on the use of space. Using these criteria, contemporary architecture could take a direction where cultural continuity and adaptability not only take pride place but also provide guidelines for climate-adapted and sustainable architecture. However, during the last decades, the impact of socio-economic and cultural changes on traditional environments has become obvious. Contemporary design is increasingly depending on the mechanically controlled environments in order to maintain comfort, hence, increasing energy consumption. For achieving this goal, first, the importance of climatic traditional architecture of Iran and its principles of designing will be noticed. In other words, we will find how climatic architecture can influence sustainable development by using renewable energy resources like wind and solar energy and climatic condition. In this part, the paper focuses on the role of climatic responsive design, building situation in a site and angle of sunlight, building form, building roof, interior thermal comfort and natural air ventilation. In the second part, we will study the role of new and smart technologies in achieving sustainable development goals. As we know, time is passing and human knowledge develops every day, so it is necessary to pay attention to new and smart technologies behind the climatic responsive design until we can design buildings in respect of human comfort that are conformable with sustainable development as well. So, according to revolution have been existed by nanotechnology. It is noticed to Nano smart Technology and using of renewable energies. Undoubtedly, nanotechnology can provide many opportunities for architects and engineers for enhancing the construction material and decreasing their weak points and increasing their advantages. Buildings have the main role in balancing energy consumption. Solar energy, which is known as Photovoltaic energy can provide energy without using fossil fuels. Due to the importance of photovoltaic energy for improving of the efficiency and flexibility of solar cells, they have been widely studied. In this case, Nano- technology has made some progress in providing energy from wind and sun in micro scale. The main goal of this article is to study on climate design and usage of new technologies. Climate design refers to the principles that we follow in traditional architecture, where the materials are clay and brick. However, now that the material and construction technology have been improved; the question is how we can have a conformable architecture with sustainable development?

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The theory of the responsibility to protect was approved in 2005 in the output document of the United Nations Summit (A/RES/60/1) and in 2011, it was included in the Security Council Resolution 1973 regarding military intervention in Libya. The theory of the responsibility to protect implies the commitment of the international community to end the worst forms of violence and crime in humanitarian crises and internal armed conflicts. This article by using the qualitative method and document-library sources, books, articles and reports and internet notes, dealing with NATO's military intervention in Libya in 2011, which led to airstrikes, the creation of a no-fly zone, and ultimately the change of Muammar Gaddafi's regime,  criticizes its application in Libya.The findings of the article show that although the theory tries to fill the gap between the former obligations of UN member states under international humanitarian law and human rights with this reality that the human population facing the threat of genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity must be supported, France, the United States and NATO have exploited the 1973 resolution for their political-military goals and have caused the stoppage of the development of the theory and the skepticism of the international community towards the goals and intentions of the world powers in the application of the theory and as a result of the design of the new approach of responsibility during support.
 

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Literary works are good sites for cultural energies; to live, negotiate, and challenge the dominant discourse and each other, sometimes this presence is reproduced and sometimes, if is challenged. P. Machery’s “The Unconscious of the Text” and A. Sinfield’s theory of Faultliness show that how literary works trouble the dominant discourse.Some women – in Shakespeare’s tragedies- revolt against the dominant discourse of Elizabethan patriarchal ideology; they question its basic assumptions and its very ideology. On the other hand, S. “Greenblatt in Circulation of Social Energies” states that the dominant social energies or discourses are continually reproduced in the literary works. In Safarbeygi’s poetry – although the socio-political ground-works have been changed in the favour of women rights – the patriarchal ideology is reproduced in a circular movement; men have constructed that ideology centyries ago, then it came into their collective unconsciousness, and finally, via the help of literary works, it entered the society again  

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Background: Miscarriage is one of the most common pregnancy complications for which various causes have been defined, such as genetic factors, infectious, metabolic, endocrine systemmal function and immune system undesired responses. The early development of embryo occurs in oviduct and uterine tube from which some factors such as growth factors, glyco-proteins and factors those stimulate development of embryo are secreted. The ETF3 embryotrophic factor which is a complex of C3 complements and its derivatives i.e., iC3b, enhances the development of trophectodermas a consequence of which expression of relevant genes are affected embryo. There are various response elements in C3 gene promoter region such as, estrogen response regions (ERE). Steroids such as estrogen and progesterone are secreted in early steps of embryonic period along with C3 secretion and cause increase in C3 expression through interaction with regulatory elements in promoter region of this gene. In this study the polymorphism in ERE regions of C3 gene promoter was investigated in women suffering from recurrent miscarriage. Materials and methods: In this study, assuming that polymorphism in ERE regions is correlated with recurrent miscarriage during early months of pregnancy, 40 blood samples were collected from female patients admitted to an Infertility Clinic, Isfahan, Iran. DNA was extracted, amplification of regions harboring ERE with a pair of specific primer was done using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Strand Chain Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) for studying possible polymorphisms in this region. Results and conclusion: The results indicated a specific symptomless infertility among the women, however there was no correlation between the ERE polymorphism and symptoms in control and cases.

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Hydrodynamic factors have been proved to effectively influence the high-performance heap leaching, hence this study evaluates them on column bioleaching of low grade uranium ore. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to predict the behavior of effective parameters particle size, irrigation rate, aeration rate and their interactions in the bioleaching process. Obtained results showed that the best model for the recovery of each metal was the quadratic model. The maximum values of uranium recovery at the optimum condition, (d₈₀ 5, mm particle size, 0.34, l/m²/min irrigation rate, and 210, l/m³/min aeration rate), were 63.85%. The results from the model and the experimental data show good agreement.

 

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Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most important diseases of canola (Brassica napus) in Golestan province, the leading canola producer in Iran. In order to assess the yield loss of canola caused by SSR, 80 fields were surveyed in four different regions of the province (Gorgan, Ali Abad, Kalaleh and Gonbad) during 2006-2007, and SSR intensity was recorded weekly in the fields. Study of yield loss-SSR severity relationships by linear, nonlinear and multiple regression analyses with final intensity (S_f), time to initial symptoms (t_is), Gompertz rate of disease progress (r_G), and standardized area under disease progress curve (SAUDPC) as independent variables indicate that single point and integral models were significant (P < 0.05) only in three cases. Results of multiple point models which were performed using weekly recorded SSR intensities (S₁, S₂, …), were significant in two cases and a general model for 2007 survey was developed using S₃ to S₆. Eventually, response surface models were developed for each region by integrating t_is with SSR intensity variables (S_f or SAUDPC).

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Comparative literature pays attention to the study of literature confluence literature in various languages and its complex relationship in the past and present as well as its historical relationships in term of effectiveness in the field of arts, literary schools, intellectual current issues and people. From this respect, comparing eastern oriented works with western ones as two opposite poles enjoys a particular importance. The present paper proposes the hypothesis that the play King Lear, a work of Shakespeare, is rooted in Iranian legends. After showing the possible relationship of King Lear with East, We has tried to compare the story of King Lear with several Iranian stories and myths such as Fereydoun myth, Indian GOl Bekavoli, devine story of Zatol Sour cast, story of tried, drunk Mirza and the story of king and his three daughters. By decreasing the King Lear to nine fundamental stories and comparing with them western samples, it was made clear that more than ninety percent of the King Lear stories are similar to the Iranian ones. Researches like this in the field of literature studies in modern Iran are not unprecedented. So as far as the authors know, no independent research on Shakespeare’s King Lear based on the above - mentioned hypothesis has so far been carried out.

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Aims: there is a need for educational studies due to the 21st-century paradigm shift in higher education toward the social responsibility of universities and the changing challenges of urban design and planning. This article aims to provide the background for redesigning and adapting the educational program of urban design to the social responsibility approach, and it also identified the current teaching and learning methods applied in urban design master’s programs.
Methods: the study reviews the university social responsibility and urban design pedagogy literature to propose a social responsibility-based model for urban design education through expert discussion.
Findings: with regards to pedagogical approaches, there are four teaching-learning methods, including traditional education, project-based learning, service-learning, and sustainable education. Besides, the social-responsibility-based model for urban design education includes four steps, namely, values, management, practices, and impacts.
Conclusion: the fundamental difference between this approach with the current educational approaches of urban design is the matter of morality so that its underlying philosophy should be considered responsibility toward society and the environment, regardless of time and place boundaries.

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Thought in Frege’s point of view is accompanied by innovations as well as ambiguities that have been examined from various points of view. But Frege's view of conventional definitions of truth and rejecting them is the main topic of this article. In his explanation of propositions containing thought and judgment, Frege doesn’t accept the conventional definitions of truth for their sequence, and in order to solve the problem of achieving the truth and value of propositions, he proposes "Thought" and tries to replace it. In order to clarify this claim, we first examine language and thought from his point of view, and then by entering into the subject of thought and discovering its characteristics, we will try to understand Frege's claim to replace it with the definitions of truth. Finally, with the plan of seven critiques, the author believes that this replacement is not possible and fruitful.
 

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This study investigated the structural model of the effect of perception and attitude on social responsibility, organizational identity, and organizational citizenship behavior in sports and youth departments. The methodology was a descriptive survey that was conducted in the field. The statistical population was all employees of sports and youth departments of Khorasan Razavi province (180 people). The sampling method was counting. The research tool was Barrantes's‎ (2012) research questionnaire. Twelve professors of sports management confirmed the face and content validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the whole questionnaire was 0.83, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the measurement tool. A structural equation modeling approach with PLS 2 software was used to analyze the data. Based on the results, the perception of social responsibilities has a positive and significant effect on social responsibility, organizational identity, and organizational citizenship behavior. Also, the attitude towards social responsibilities positively affects organizational identity, which has a positive and significant effect on employee citizenship behavior. According to the results, performing social responsibility and creating a positive perception and attitude towards it in employees can effectively strengthen the organizational identity of employees and their organizational citizenship behavior.

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The present research aims to model the structural equations of green marketing and the desire to buy customers through the mediation of social responsibility. The research method is a descriptive correlation, which has been done in field experiments. For this purpose, 384 customers of Tehran's sporting goods stores were randomly selected using the Monroe method as a statistical sample. Data were gathered by green marketing awareness and willingness to purchase Habibi Saravi (2016) (α=0.92), social responsibility of Park & et al. (2017) (α=0.73) with a Likert scale of 5 Became for data normalization, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the research hypotheses. Structural equation modelling, including confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis using AMOS software and statistical software SPSS22, were used at the significance level of P≤0.05. Inferential results showed a relationship between the marketing of green and the desire to buy sports products from customers with the mediating role of social responsibility of vendors. Also, the communication model between the three meters has adequate fitness.

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Searching efficiency and handling time are two major components of functional response and are usually used to evaluate effectiveness of natural enemies. The effect of different foraging periods on the functional response of larval Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Dip.: Cecidomyiidae) feeding on third instar nymphs of Aphis craccivora was studied. The experiment was conducted in terms of time-specific (1, 2, 4, 6,12, 24 h.) functional response to varying densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) of third instar nymphs of A.craccivora at 23 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% of R.H., and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). Parameter estimates for logistic regressions showed a type II functional response for 4 day-old larvae of the predator at different foraging periods to varying densities of A. craccivora. The estimated searching efficiency (a') and handling times (T_h), varied with foraging periods. The searching efficiency showed a decreasing trend as the foraging periods increased. The estimated maximum rates of predation (T/T_h) for the 4-day old larvae were directly related to the foraging periods increase but handling times (T_h), showed a decelerating trend. In conclusion it was found that searching efficiency was a variable parameter in different foraging periods of A. aphidimyza and was lowest at the foraging periods of 24 h. It was also suggested that A. aphidimyza with type II functional response in all foraging periods, could be considered as a highly effective biological agent in suppressing A. craccivora population.    

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The toxicity of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb on Diaeretiella rapae (Mc'Intosh) as a parasitoid of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), exposed to residues on glass vials, was investigated under laboratory conditions at 23 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16:8 h (L: D). Moreover, in order to find the negative impacts of both insecticides on the efficiency of D. rapae, the functional response of the exposed parasitoids were assessed. The newly emerged parasitoids were exposed to LC₂₅ of the insecticides and distilled water as control. Host densities of 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 and 64 were placed on canola seedlings in a transparent cylindrical container and were offered to the treated parasitoids. Type of functional response was determined by means of logistic regression method and the parameters, attack rate (a) and handling time (T_h) were calculated by nonlinear regression model using SAS software. The parasitoid exhibited type II functional response in all experiments. Attack rates in control, pirimicarb and thiamethoxam were 0.057 ± 0.01,0.059 ± 0.013 and 0.040 ± 0.01 h^-1, and handling times were 1.097 ± 0.1, 1.86 ± 0.02, 2.81 ± 0.296 h, respectively. Maximum rates of parasitism (T/T_h) were estimated 21.87, 12.9, 8.53 aphids, respectively. These observations suggest that pirimicarb with less harmful effects is the preferred candidate for controlling the mustard aphid.