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Recitation of the Holy Qur’an has its own phonological rules. This paper addresses total nasal place and manner assimilation, known as “idgham”, that lead to “gemination with nasalization” and “gemination without nasalization”. The former which is accompanied by lengthening occurs in the environment where the /n/ in the coda position precedes one of the four sonorants /j/, /m/, /w/, and /n/ in the onset position of the following syllable. However, the latter which is not accompanied by lengthening occurs in the environment where /n/ in the coda position precedes either of the sonorant liquids /r/ or /l/ in the onset position of the following syllable. The present research aimed at identifying the constraints whose interactions cause either of these processes in the recitation of the Holy Qur’an within the framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). The results of this paper are as follows: The [+long] geminated [n:.n] is the result of gemination of /n/ in the coda position with /n/ in the onset position. The [+long] geminated [m:.m] is the result of total nasal place assimilation of /n/ in the coda position with /m/ in the onset position. The [-long] geminated [r.r] and [l.l] are the result of total manner assimilation of /n/ in the coda position, respectively with /r/ and /l/ in the onset position. The [+long] geminated [j:.j] and [w:.w] are the result of both total nasal place and manner assimilations of /n/ in the coda position, respectively with /j/ and /w/ in the onset position.
 

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The aim of this article is to study the phonological processes of Bala-Gueriveh Luri in Khoram Abad (Lurestan, Iran) and to compare these processes with those of Standard Persian. The data were collected through a four-hour interview with four Lur informants. Furthermore, one of the authors is a native speaker of this dialect. The data were transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet and analyzed descriptively. The phonological processes studied here are: consonantal processes such as assimilation, dissimilation, neutralization, lenition, elision and metathesis. In this dialect, lenition and elision are more active than other processes.

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As Saussure says, the meaning of the unites is not in the meaning itself, but the meaning is essentially an aspect of differentiation. In this perspective, all values are attributed to the “relationship”, not to individual units or separately of words what happens accordingly for a subject (“I” or “we") and its identity: the subject defines itself by the “difference", and in order to achieve the specified identity, it needs to other one. So Landowski suggests a general pattern that consists of four different strategies about the relationship between "I" as dominant and "other"as dominated. This pattern originates from semiotics square of Greimas. These strategies include assimilation, exclusion, segregation and identity acceptance. The main objective of this paper is to show that this pattern can be used in translation’s domain that is a challenging atmosphere of contact between our language and other foreign language. But the main question is that how Landowski identity pattern can be used basically for a new reading of the translation strategies.

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Nitrate concentration of the soil, at the start of growing season, is high due to minerali-zation of soil organic N during the Fall and the addition of N fertilizers. It may be useful to exploit this N form as much as possible. Therefore, the nitrate uptake, assimilation and dry matter production of several wheat cultivars were examined in a series of experiments using a hydroponic culture system. Seedlings were grown at two rates of nitrates (0 and 1.0 mM) and the experiments lasted for 26 days. Significant genetic variation in the growth and nitrate uptake were observed. The Atila and Yavarous cultivars consistently produced large seedlings absorbing higher quantities of nitrate from the nutrient solution, compared to the Falat, Star and Seri 11 cultivars which produced smaller seedling and took up lower amounts of nitrate. However, apart from seedling vigor, there was evidence that some cultivars were more efficient physiologically in assimilating nitrate. For compa-rable amounts of nitrate taken up from solution, total dry matter production in this group of cultivars was considerably greater than others. Results of this work revealed that ge-netic differences among wheat cultivars affect nitrate uptake, which in turn indicated the influence of plant status and in particular root system on the potential of nitrate uptake.

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Abstract