Volume 13, Issue 4 (2022)
LRR 2022, 13(4): 793-821 |
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Nemati M, Alavi S M, Seifi A. Investigating the Effect of Working Memory Capacity on English Vocabulary and Grammar Learning in Inductive and Deductive
Instructional Methods. LRR 2022; 13 (4) :793-821
URL: http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-47893-en.html
URL: http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-47893-en.html
1- Associate Professor of TEFL, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran , nematim@ut.ac.ir
2- Professor of Applied Linguistics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3- Ph.D. student of TEFL, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2- Professor of Applied Linguistics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3- Ph.D. student of TEFL, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (1212 Views)
Working memory as a cognitive system is considered as one of the sources of individual differences in second language learning by many researchers. In order to examine the relationship between the capacity of two components of working memory (as one of the sources of individual differences in learning) and learning English vocabulary and grammar (as basic components in learning a second language), and also to explore the effect of instructional method as an effective variable along with working memory capacity, a convenience sampling method research was conducted. Subjects of this study were 74 female language learners selected from children between 9-12years old. These learners were at the beginner level in terms of English language proficiency. In order to determine the phonological loop capacity, non-word repetition test and digit recall test were used and, counting recall test and backward digit recall test were employed to determine central executive capacity. Based on the scores of these tests, language learners were divided into two homogeneous groups. The first group received inductive instruction and the second group underwent deductive instruction. Linear regression and two sample independent t-test were used for data analysis. The results indicated that both the phonological loop capacity and the central executive capacity had a significant effect on English vocabulary and grammar learning. Moreover, deductive teaching method significantly leads to better results in terms of grammar learning compared to the inductive teaching method.
Research questions:
Q1- Do the capacity of the phonological loop and the capacity of central executive as two components of working memory have a significant effect on learning English vocabulary and grammar in 9-12-year-old children?
Q2- Does the deductive instructional method compared to the inductive method have any more significant effect on learning English vocabulary and grammar in 9-12-year-old children with almost the same level of working memory capacity?
2. Literature review
Working memory is a term that has grown out of memory studies and refers to the active processing system that manipulates information, explains our ability to remember information, and often occurs despite distracting information that we have to ignore (Alloway & Alloway, 2010). According to Baddeley (2015) to explore the role of working memory in learning a second language, which is a relatively new research field, it is necessary to conduct more extensive researches in different languages, different age groups, and different environmental and educational conditions. The greater the number of studies, the more accurate the results and findings will be. A number of studies have confirmed that the phonological loop capacity plays an important role in vocabulary learning. Martin and Ellis (2012), Kormos and Sáfár (2008), French (2006) and O'Brien et al. (2006) are examples of these researches. Moreover some studies indicate that working memory plays an important role in the production and processing of second language such as Trude &Tokowicz (2011), Gass and Lee (2011), Finardi and Weissheimer (2009), Leeser (2007), French (2006) and Sunderman and Kroll (2006).
3. Methodology
This research is a quasi-experimental classroom research. Convenience sampling was used in recruiting the subjects of this study. The study was carried out at Lesan English language institute in Gorgan, Iran. The age of the participants ranged from 9 to 12. The participants consisted of 74 language learners who were beginners in terms of English language proficiency level and had almost no knowledge of English writing, speech, vocabulary, and grammar. Initially, the students took 4 subtests of "working Memory Test Battery for Children". To determine the phonological loop capacity, two tests of non-word repetition and digit recall were used, and to determine the central executive capacity, two tests of counting recall and backward digit recall were taken. Learners were divided into two homogeneous groups according to their working memory test results. 36 of these language learners were taught inductively (-rule-explanation, +production-practice, self/pair-correction) and 38 were taught deductively (+rule-explanation, +production-practice, teacher-correction). Both groups completed 21 instructional sessions. During the instructional sessions, both groups took four classroom written tests and four oral tests, and the average scores of the subjects in vocabulary and grammar were considered as a criterion for their learning. The relationship between the phonological loop and the central executive capacity and the scores of English grammar and vocabulary as a learning criterion were examined to determine whether there is a significant correlation between them or not. First, the reliability of collected data and data distribution normality were checked and confirmed. Then the effect of the phonological loop and the central executive capacity was first examined separately and then in combination with the learning of English vocabulary and grammar.
4. Results
The results revealed that both independent variables, namely the phonological loop and the central executive capacity (both separately and in combination) have a positive and significant effect on the dependent variables, English vocabulary, and grammar learning, in children. The capacity of the phonological loop has a greater impact on learning English vocabulary, and the central executive capacity has a greater impact on learning English grammar. Considering the second hypothesis, the results of this study indicated that there is no significant difference in learners’ performance regarding vocabulary learning in inductive and deductive instructional groups, but the learners of the deductive group performed significantly better in grammar learning than the inductive group. This may be due to the fact that attention is one of the functions of the central executive component and by reducing the pressure on working memory, or in other words, by reducing the need for simultaneous attention to form and meaning, better results can be achieved in learning grammar (specially for learners with poor working memory).
- Introduction
Research questions:
Q1- Do the capacity of the phonological loop and the capacity of central executive as two components of working memory have a significant effect on learning English vocabulary and grammar in 9-12-year-old children?
Q2- Does the deductive instructional method compared to the inductive method have any more significant effect on learning English vocabulary and grammar in 9-12-year-old children with almost the same level of working memory capacity?
2. Literature review
Working memory is a term that has grown out of memory studies and refers to the active processing system that manipulates information, explains our ability to remember information, and often occurs despite distracting information that we have to ignore (Alloway & Alloway, 2010). According to Baddeley (2015) to explore the role of working memory in learning a second language, which is a relatively new research field, it is necessary to conduct more extensive researches in different languages, different age groups, and different environmental and educational conditions. The greater the number of studies, the more accurate the results and findings will be. A number of studies have confirmed that the phonological loop capacity plays an important role in vocabulary learning. Martin and Ellis (2012), Kormos and Sáfár (2008), French (2006) and O'Brien et al. (2006) are examples of these researches. Moreover some studies indicate that working memory plays an important role in the production and processing of second language such as Trude &Tokowicz (2011), Gass and Lee (2011), Finardi and Weissheimer (2009), Leeser (2007), French (2006) and Sunderman and Kroll (2006).
3. Methodology
This research is a quasi-experimental classroom research. Convenience sampling was used in recruiting the subjects of this study. The study was carried out at Lesan English language institute in Gorgan, Iran. The age of the participants ranged from 9 to 12. The participants consisted of 74 language learners who were beginners in terms of English language proficiency level and had almost no knowledge of English writing, speech, vocabulary, and grammar. Initially, the students took 4 subtests of "working Memory Test Battery for Children". To determine the phonological loop capacity, two tests of non-word repetition and digit recall were used, and to determine the central executive capacity, two tests of counting recall and backward digit recall were taken. Learners were divided into two homogeneous groups according to their working memory test results. 36 of these language learners were taught inductively (-rule-explanation, +production-practice, self/pair-correction) and 38 were taught deductively (+rule-explanation, +production-practice, teacher-correction). Both groups completed 21 instructional sessions. During the instructional sessions, both groups took four classroom written tests and four oral tests, and the average scores of the subjects in vocabulary and grammar were considered as a criterion for their learning. The relationship between the phonological loop and the central executive capacity and the scores of English grammar and vocabulary as a learning criterion were examined to determine whether there is a significant correlation between them or not. First, the reliability of collected data and data distribution normality were checked and confirmed. Then the effect of the phonological loop and the central executive capacity was first examined separately and then in combination with the learning of English vocabulary and grammar.
4. Results
The results revealed that both independent variables, namely the phonological loop and the central executive capacity (both separately and in combination) have a positive and significant effect on the dependent variables, English vocabulary, and grammar learning, in children. The capacity of the phonological loop has a greater impact on learning English vocabulary, and the central executive capacity has a greater impact on learning English grammar. Considering the second hypothesis, the results of this study indicated that there is no significant difference in learners’ performance regarding vocabulary learning in inductive and deductive instructional groups, but the learners of the deductive group performed significantly better in grammar learning than the inductive group. This may be due to the fact that attention is one of the functions of the central executive component and by reducing the pressure on working memory, or in other words, by reducing the need for simultaneous attention to form and meaning, better results can be achieved in learning grammar (specially for learners with poor working memory).
Keywords: Working memory, phonological loop, central executive, inductive instruction, deductive instruction, vocabulary, grammar
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