Volume 14, Issue 6 (2024)
LRR 2024, 14(6): 277-304 |
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Eskandari M, Saeidi A. Review and comparison of clitic in Russian and Persian languages. LRR 2024; 14 (6) :277-304
URL: http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-52303-en.html
URL: http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-52303-en.html
1- Associate Professor, Department of Russian Language and Literature, Faculty of Persian Literature and Foreign Languages, Allameh Tabatabai University , m_eskandary@ut.ac.ir
2- PhD in Russian Language Teaching, Department of Russian Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature, University of Tehran
2- PhD in Russian Language Teaching, Department of Russian Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature, University of Tehran
Abstract: (4198 Views)
The word "clitic" refers to the dependent unit, that depends phonologically on another word or phrase, which is the interface between bound and free morphemes, exists in all languages of the world, and can be divided into types of proclitic, enclitic and endoclitic. In this article, the types of clitic in Persian and Russian languages have been studied and compared with each other, and the similarities and differences between them have been expressed based on the analytical-descriptive method. According to the findings of Iranian linguists, nine enclitics and one proclitic are recognizable in Persian and there is no endoclitic in this language, but in addition to the existence of several endoclitics in Russian, the number of enclitics and proclitics in this language is more than their number in Persian. Many prepositions in Russian are proclitics, but none of the Persian prepositions are proclitics. The reason for this is the different types of stress in these two languages, because prepositions and conjunctions in Persian have stress, but many prepositions, especially monosyllabic prepositions, in Russian do not have stress or their stress depend on the nearby word and are considered a proclitic.
1. Introduction
The word "clitic" refers to the dependent unit, that depends phonologically on another word or phrase, which is the interface between bound and free morphemes, exists in all languages of the world, and can be divided into types of proclitic, enclitic and endoclitic. In morphology and syntax, a clitic is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase. In this sense, it is syntactically independent but phonologically dependent—always connected to a host. A clitic is pronounced like an affix, but plays a syntactic role at the phrase level. In other words, clitics have the form of affixes, but the distribution of function words. For example, the contracted forms of the auxiliary verbs in I'm and we've are clitics.
1.2. Research Question(s)
In this article we try to compare the types of clitics, i.e. enclitics, endoclitics and proclitics in Russian and Persian, and find the similarities and differences between them. The questions we seek to answer in this study are: What are the types of clitics in Russian and Persian languages? What are the differences and similarities between the use of clitics in these two languages? Is there endoclitic, as a clitic that exists in a small number of languages, in these two languages or not?
2. Literature Review
In the Persian language, Kalbasi (1992, p.24-25), Shaghaghi (2013), Meshkatuddini (2005, p.18), Rasekh Mohand (2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010), Sarahi and Alinejad (2013), Naghzguy Kohan (2014), Bahrami and Rezaei (2013), Mahmudi (2013) and ..., and in the Russian language, researchers such as Zaliznyak (2005), Mironova (2015), Zimmerling (2018), Valova (2016), Zimmerling and Liutikova (2016), Tamilina (2018), Duykina et al. have studied the clitics and have created works.
3. Methodology
In this article, the types of clitic in Persian and Russian languages have been studied and compared with each other, and the similarities and differences between them have been expressed based on the analytical-descriptive method.
4. Results
According to the findings of Iranian linguists, nine enclitics and one proclitic are recognized in Persian and there is no endoclitic in this language, but in addition to the existence of several endoclitics in Russian, the number of enclitics and proclitics in this language is more than their number in Persian. Many prepositions in Russian are proclitics, but none of the Persian prepositions are proclitics. The reason for this is the different types of stress in these two languages because prepositions and conjunctions in Persian have stress, but many prepositions, especially monosyllabic prepositions, in Russian, do not have stress or their stress depends on the nearby word and are considered a proclitic.
Although the enclitics and proclitics of Russian and Persian are different from each other, the existence and use of them in these two languages have been proven. There is no endoclitic in Persian, but this type of clitics exists in Russian and is used.
The number of proclitics in Russian is much more than the number in Persian, and this is due to the lack of stress on many prepositions and conjunctions in Russian, as mentioned, lack of stress is the main characteristic of clitics.
Some conjunctions and prepositions in Russian can be used as clitic due to lack of stress, but this is not possible in Persian, because prepositions and conjunctions in Persian have stress and cannot be clitics.
In the Persian language, clitics refer to structural and syntactic relations, for example, they can be possessive modifiers or direct objects, and so on. In the Russian language as well as the Persian language, clitics, which consist of conjunctions, prepositions, and particles, are used to express grammatical relationships at the sentence level. In other words, clitics are similar in terms of semantic function in Russian and Persian languages.
1. Introduction
The word "clitic" refers to the dependent unit, that depends phonologically on another word or phrase, which is the interface between bound and free morphemes, exists in all languages of the world, and can be divided into types of proclitic, enclitic and endoclitic. In morphology and syntax, a clitic is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase. In this sense, it is syntactically independent but phonologically dependent—always connected to a host. A clitic is pronounced like an affix, but plays a syntactic role at the phrase level. In other words, clitics have the form of affixes, but the distribution of function words. For example, the contracted forms of the auxiliary verbs in I'm and we've are clitics.
1.2. Research Question(s)
In this article we try to compare the types of clitics, i.e. enclitics, endoclitics and proclitics in Russian and Persian, and find the similarities and differences between them. The questions we seek to answer in this study are: What are the types of clitics in Russian and Persian languages? What are the differences and similarities between the use of clitics in these two languages? Is there endoclitic, as a clitic that exists in a small number of languages, in these two languages or not?
2. Literature Review
In the Persian language, Kalbasi (1992, p.24-25), Shaghaghi (2013), Meshkatuddini (2005, p.18), Rasekh Mohand (2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010), Sarahi and Alinejad (2013), Naghzguy Kohan (2014), Bahrami and Rezaei (2013), Mahmudi (2013) and ..., and in the Russian language, researchers such as Zaliznyak (2005), Mironova (2015), Zimmerling (2018), Valova (2016), Zimmerling and Liutikova (2016), Tamilina (2018), Duykina et al. have studied the clitics and have created works.
3. Methodology
In this article, the types of clitic in Persian and Russian languages have been studied and compared with each other, and the similarities and differences between them have been expressed based on the analytical-descriptive method.
4. Results
According to the findings of Iranian linguists, nine enclitics and one proclitic are recognized in Persian and there is no endoclitic in this language, but in addition to the existence of several endoclitics in Russian, the number of enclitics and proclitics in this language is more than their number in Persian. Many prepositions in Russian are proclitics, but none of the Persian prepositions are proclitics. The reason for this is the different types of stress in these two languages because prepositions and conjunctions in Persian have stress, but many prepositions, especially monosyllabic prepositions, in Russian, do not have stress or their stress depends on the nearby word and are considered a proclitic.
Although the enclitics and proclitics of Russian and Persian are different from each other, the existence and use of them in these two languages have been proven. There is no endoclitic in Persian, but this type of clitics exists in Russian and is used.
The number of proclitics in Russian is much more than the number in Persian, and this is due to the lack of stress on many prepositions and conjunctions in Russian, as mentioned, lack of stress is the main characteristic of clitics.
Some conjunctions and prepositions in Russian can be used as clitic due to lack of stress, but this is not possible in Persian, because prepositions and conjunctions in Persian have stress and cannot be clitics.
In the Persian language, clitics refer to structural and syntactic relations, for example, they can be possessive modifiers or direct objects, and so on. In the Russian language as well as the Persian language, clitics, which consist of conjunctions, prepositions, and particles, are used to express grammatical relationships at the sentence level. In other words, clitics are similar in terms of semantic function in Russian and Persian languages.
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