نیای رستم کیست؟ کشف هویت سرسلسله دودمان سام برپایه زبان‌شناسی تاریخی ـ تطبیقی

نوع مقاله : مقالات علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده
استادیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
چکیده
از الفاظ مبهم ومورد اختلاف شاهنامه، واژه «کریمان» است که در دو بیت شاهنامه، در مقام نیای رستم آمده ‌است. ادبای معاصر، متأثر از محمد معین، کریمان را جمع کریم و فرهنگ‌نویسان، کاتبان، حماسه‌سرایان و زبان‌شناسان آن را نام خاص دانسته‌اند، ولی در تبیین ریشه واژه ناموفق بوده‌اند. این جستار با روش ریشه‌شناسی ‌درزمانی و زبان‌شناسی ‌تطبیقی، اشکال تاریخی واژه (کارفرمان، کهرمان و قهرمان) را در تطبیق با موارد مشابه در منابع رسمی و عامیانه زبان‌های فارسی، ترکی، کردی و عربی بررسی کرده ‌است. شکل کهن واژه، «کارفرمان»، به‌معنای گماشته دیوانی در اموری مثل خزانه (گنجوری) و در کاربرد نظامی، به‌معنای گماشته شاه در اداره سپاه بوده، به‌همین جهت، به پهلوانان سیستانی، و به‌طور خاص، به نیای رستم منتسب شده است. معنای مجازی شجاعت نیز از همین کاربرد ناشی‌شده، در شکل معرب لغت («قهرمان») به‌کار رفته است. فردوسی نیز، صورت‌ اسم خاص این لغت را به‌عنوان نام نیای رستم ذکر کرده، برای اقتفای نریمان، «کهرمان» را به‌شکل «کریمان» تغییر داده است. بازسازی داستان این شخصیت در چرخه حماسه‌های سیستان، رابطه وی با هوشنگ‌شاه که در منابع سیستانی، سومین شاه‌ ایران بود، روشن کرد و معمای انتساب کریمان به هوشنگ و سومین خسرو خواندن او نیز حل شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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