Investigating the Impact of Paper and Digital Flashcards on the Vocabulary Development of Iranian Adolescent Learners of French

In a context where foreign language learning heavily relies on lexical acquisition, this study compares the effectiveness of paper and digital flashcards for learning French vocabulary among Iranian adolescents at the A2 level. The aim is to determine which type of flashcard better supports the retention of vocabulary related to Iranian cultural, daily, and traditional themes. An experimental approach was adopted, involving two groups of 12 learners who received identical instructional conditions. Each group participated in five learning sessions covering 50 words, using either paper or digital flashcards, with visual and cultural elements introduced progressively. Data were collected through a pre-test, a post-test, a questionnaire, and direct observations. The results reveal significant differences in the effectiveness of the two types of flashcards, offering practical insights for FLE instructors in Iran. This research also contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of educational technologies and cultural references in language learning. In the current context, where AI-based technologies are transforming language education, the findings of this study remain relevant and may be further enhanced through the future integration of AI tools for more personalized and interactive learning.