Causation in Pashto Language

Document Type : مقالات علمی پژوهشی

Authors
Ismatullah Miakhil 1
Mohammad Dabir Moghadam 2
1 lecturer, Pashto department, Nangerhar University, jalalabad, Afghanistan;
2 Professor, linguistic department, Faculty of literature and Forign languages, allameh tabatabaye University, Tehran, Iran;
10.48311/LRR.16.6.13
Abstract
There are Synthetic Causatives and Syntactic Causatives in Pashto language. Pashto language is one of Iranian languge which is mostly spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is an SOV language. According to our Thougt this issue need an Explanation. The Explanation about Causative in Pashto Textbook are not enough therefor I want to explain this issue. The Goal of This Article is clear which is discussing about Causative in Pashto. Student and Teachers of the named language will take Profit of it because there is not a Source which has more explanation about. The method of research is: beside Example Explanation, I wrote them with Phonetic Alphabets and numbered the Examples. There is every Word meaning and Specification below the words. The article gained from more resources and selected 91 Examples from more than 1000 written examples. The Sampling of research is done as (dabir moghadam 2020). I concluded that Causative in Pashto is complicated than Persian language.  Besides the (aw) affix we use (p∂,p∂r) and (war bánde, pre) in Pashto Causatives.
 
1. Introduction
The causative status of verbs in Pashto language is not subject to a specific principle. This language does not have a specific causative suffix, but it accepts different or diverse statuses in different cases. In this status usually uses (prefix) and make causative. We use adverbs and make causative. intransitive verbs become transitive verbs, and we make transitive again transitive to become Causative. Causative in Pashto is also complex compared to Persian and does not depend on a principle or a root, but has a different status. For causative in Pashto, both the Preposition and the postposition are used, and an auxiliary verb is also used for this type of construction. Non-causative or intransitive verbs that are formed with the auxiliary verb kedӘl or edӘl, their auxiliary verb part must be converted to kawӘl or awӘl in transitive or causative construction. This means that the situation of causation in Pashto is not fixed, but rather varies.
Research Question(s)
The main research question of this study can be formulated as follows:
Does the Pashto language have a causal structure and what principles are there for constructing a causal structure in the Pashto language?
 
2. Literature Review
For this article, the scientific research of Dabir Moghadam (2019) has been considered, one section of which is called (Causal Structures in Persian). Considering the same principles and rules, we have found examples for the Pashto language.
 
3. Methodology
This is a field study and a descriptive analytical method was used to explain the data. First, the data was collected, then it was studied. Sampling was done and the required items were analyzed. The dialect of several Pashto speakers was also studied to obtain more data. After sampling, we found examples for each principle and issue, and then we transcribed them. The sentences in the study were transcribed both phonetically and semantically. We highlighted the causal part of the sentence and the general meaning of the sentence was also mentioned in single quotes.
 
4. Results
The structure of Pashto is complex from Persian. Persian uses causative suffixes, but Pashto has a different situation. The suffix (-aw), the Particles (wӘ, pre, bânde), and the participle (awӘl), or (kawӘl) of the verb make the verb transitive and then transitive again, that is, causative.The rate of occurrence of auxiliary causatives in Pashto is higher because it comes with most verbs and makes the verb transitive. Most of the causatives used in Persian are also found in Pashto, but there are differences between this two languages. In this language, we have one-clause and two-clause causatives of both types (Morphological and syntactic). We absolutely cannot say which is more common, but syntactic ones are used more in the media and in translation books. The language also uses Particles and adverbs that are used for cause and effect. In Pashto, there are both compound causative and lexical causative structures. So it turns out that the causation status of verbs in Pashto is not subject to a specific principle. Pashto does not have a specific causative suffix, but it accepts different statuses in different cases.   

Keywords

Subjects

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Language Related Research
Volume 16, Issue 6 - Serial Number 90
January and February 2026
Pages 399-421