Lexical Chains of the Sermons No. 111 and 221 of Nahj al-Balaghah Based on the Theory of "Barzilay" and "Elhadad"

Articles in Press

Document Type : مقالات علمی پژوهشی

Authors
S. Modiri 1
س. ع. اشکوری 2
I. Motagizadeh 3
A. Pirani 2
S. Mozaffari 2
1 PhD student, Arabic Language and Literature, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The relationship between words and their concepts is investigated in the "Semantics". "Statistical Semantics" is a sub-branch of "Computational Semantics" and in fact, a sub-branch of NLP. Determining the keywords and main concepts of a text requires time and specialized knowledge about the text, in the traditional ways. “Lexical Chains” is one of the newest branches of statistical semantics that presents the main concepts of the text based on the semantic relationships between words. In this research, we aim to determine the lexical chains of the sermons No. 111 and 221 of Nahj al-Balaghah, based on the theory of "Barzilay" and "Elhadad", using the descriptive-analytical and statistical method. The results indicate that there is 78 lexical chains in the sermon No. 111, and the semantic relationship of antonymy (50%) is more used in it, and the sermon No. 221 has 87 lexical chains, which the semantic relationship of antonymy (38%), and synonymy (34%) are more used in it. In the sermon No. 111, the chain No. 53, which its words indicate leaving this world and choosing the Hereafter, and in the sermon No. 221, chains No. 31, 62, and 8, whose words, respectively, indicate silence after the ability to speak, the importance of using wisdom, fear of the Judgment Day, are the strongest chains. Also, the results show that the topic of the sermon No. 221 is "ethical, religious, scientific, intellectual", but the main concepts of the sermon No. 111 are matched by the "ethical" topic mentioned by "Dashti".

Keywords

Subjects

• Adarve, F.; Kwong, H. & Speriosu, M. (2007). Topic Segmentation of Meetings Using Lexical Chains. Linguistics, 1-13.
• Barzilay, R. & Elhadad, M. (1997). Using Lexical Chains for Text Summarization. Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization, 1-9.
• Delavenay, E. (1960). An Introduction to Machine Translation. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson.
• Furnas, G.W.; Landauer, T.K.; Gomez, L.M.; and Dumais, S.T. (1983). Statistical semantics: Analysis of the potential performance of keyword information systems. Bell System Technical Journal, 62(6),1753-1806.
• Furnas, G.W. (2006). Faculty Profile: George Furnas, University of Michigan, School of Information, URL verified on October 2, 2006.
• Morris, J. & Hirst, G. (1991). Lexical cohesion computed by thesaural relations as an indicator of the structure of text. Computational Linguistics, 17(1), 21-48.
• Nazari, N. & Mahdavi, M.A. (2019). A Survey on Automatic Text Summarization. Journal of AI and Data Mining, 7(1), 121-135.
• Ruseti, S; Dascalu, M.; Corlatescu, D.; Dascalu, M.; Trausan-Matu, S., & McNamara, D. (2021). Exploring Dialogism Using Language Models. LNAI 12749, 269-301.
• Sikstrom, S. & Garcia, D. (2020). Statistical Semantics, Methods and Applications. Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
• Silber, H.G. & McCoy, K. (2002). Efficiently Computed Lexical Chains as an Intermediate Representation for Automatic Text Summarization. Computational Linguistics, 28(4), 487–496.
• Somasundaran, S.; Burstein, J. & Chodorow, M. (2014). Lexical Chaining for Measuring discourse quality in test-taker essays. The 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 950-961.
• Tatar, D.; Inkpen, D. & Czibula, G. (2013). Text Segmentation using ROGET-based weighted lexical chains. Computing and Informatics, 32, 393-410.
• Waltinger, U; Mehler, A. & Stührenberg (2008). An integrated model of lexical chaining: application, resources and its format. Textressourcen und lexikalisches Wissen, 59-70.
• Wei, T; Lu, Y.; Chang, H., Zhou, Q & Bao, X. (2014). A Semantic approach for text clustering using WordNet and lexical chains. Expert Systems with Applications, 42, 2264-2275.
• Zakeri Rad, H.; Tiun, S. & Saad, S. (2018). Lexical Scoring System of Lexical Chain for Quranic Document Retrieval. Journal of Language Studies. 18(2). 59-79.
References
• Dashti, M. (2016). Dictionary of general topics of the Nahj al-Balagha. Qom: Farhangi Foundation for Investigations of the Amir Al-Mo’menin. [In Persian]
• Ghaemi, M. & Anvar, F. (2015). A Syntactic-eloquent Stylistic Analysis of Parallel Forms in 111 Sermon of Nahj-al-balaghe. Quarterly Journal of Nahjolbalagha, 3(11), 17-33. [In Persian]
• Hasan zadeh, M. & Tamleh, H. (2023). The Use of Lexical Bundles by Native English Authors in Applied Linguistics: A Corpus-Driven Study. Language Related Research 13(6), 541-569. [In Persian]
• Hejazi, B. & Nasiri, J. (2022). Keywords Extraction from Persian Thesis Using Statistical Features and Bayesian Classification. Language Related Research, 12(6), 339-367. [In Persian]
• Hoseini ajdad, E. & Khodabakhshnejad, M. (2021). A stylistic reading of scripture 221 and 69 the name of the Nahj al-Balagha Based on the grammatical sound. Quarterly Journal of Nahjolbalagha, 9(35), 55-72. [In Persian]
• Ibn Abi Al-Hadid. (2006). The Explanation of the Nahj al-Balagha. Research: Mohammad Abolfazl Ibrahim. Qom: The Library of the Great Ayatollah Al-Marashi Al-Najafi. [In Arabic]
• Ibn Meysam (1996). The Explanation of the Nahj al-Balaghah. Translate: Muhammad Sadeq Aref. Mashhad: Islamic religious buildings. [In Persian]
• Kazemi Najafabadi, S. (2020). Rhythmic aesthetics of sermon number 111 of Nahj Al-Balagha. The Arabic Language and Literature, 33, 161-194. [In Arabic]
• Makarem Shirazi, N. (2011). Message of Imam Amir al-Mo'menin (PUH). Qom: Ali Ibn Abi Talib (PUH) Publications. [In Persian]
• Mughniyah, M. (1979). In the shadows of Nahj al-Balaghah. Beirut: House of Knowledge for Millions. [In Arabic]
• Mukhtar Omar, A. (1998). Semantics. Cairo: World of Books. [In Arabic]
• Raawandi, Gh. (1984). Minhaj Al-Bara'ah in explaining of Nahj Al-Balaghah. Ayatollah Marashi Najafi Public Library, Qom. [In Arabic]
• Samaha, S. (2004). Dictionary Al-Mobassat. Tehran: Sabzkhama. [In Arabic]
• Sharifi, A. & Mahdavi, M. (2019). Supervised approach for keyword extraction from Persian documents using lexical chains. Signal and Data Processing, 15(4), 95-110. [In Persian]
• Sharif Razi, M. (2015). Nahj al-Balaghah. Translation: Mohammad Dashti. Tehran: Message of Justice. [In Persian]
• Shirazi, M. (1988). Explanation of Nahj al-Balaghah. Qom: Islamic Thought Foundation. [In Arabic]
• Sini, M.; Abd Al-Aziz, N.; Suleiman, M. (1993). Contemporary Arabic Thesaurus. Beirut: Lebanon Library Publishers. [In Arabic]
• Sobhi Saleh (2004). Nahj al-Balaghah. Cairo: The Egyptian Book House. [In Arabic]
• Trad, Majid (1971). The detailed dictionary of antonyms in the Arabic language. Beirut: Scientific Books House. [In Arabic]
• Trad, Majid (2009). The detailed dictionary of synonyms in the Arabic language. Beirut: Scientific Books House. [In Arabic]
• Yusefi Amoli, H.; Kamaljoo, M. & Atharinia, M. (2017). Phonetic and Lexical Stylistics of the Sermon 221 of Nahj al-Balaghah. Journal of Nahjolbalagheh, 16(52), 65-82. [In Persian]
Language Related Research

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 13 July 2025